Police Officer And A Citizen - 1477 Words

having a more familiar relationship will provide evidence that police officers pursue legitimate purposes. Again, being known and familiar to teachers, parents and children resembles a conception of trust which highlights that their trust can be built in a rational way. Illustrating that notion of trust which is based on personal and situational specific information, one police officer in the zonal police command center said: â€Å"We are promoting a change of public perception and attitudes towards the police by having closer relationships with them and showing that they can trust us† (Police Superintendent in west shewa police command center) According to this conception of trust, a direct relationship between a police officer and a†¦show more content†¦Thus, according to this analysis of the notions of trust provided by the participants, the findings indicate that trust may be seen in three ways: basically as rational, basically as faithful or a mixture of both. 3.8 How the program can be improved The participants of this study were also asked to suggest on how the community policing program can be improved in their respective districts. The responses to this question range from changing the hours, to tightening accountability, to providing radar certification, to assigning motor police officers to community policing. Some suggestions were more far-ranging, such as having two or three police officers specialize in community organizing in different areas or that training should be on-going, to maintain motivation. There were also respondents who thought the police officers should have some sort of vehicle. Others were relatively trivial or limited, such as one officer suggesting that community policing would be improved if police officers were allowed to grow beards, which is something used in the developed countries. The other comments provided fell into the general category of increasing or improving communications between residents and community, including more meetings. It should be noted that while improved communication is a hallmark of the program, community policing police officers see this as a continuing challenge that requires constant effort. Of greatest concern, however,Show MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Police Officers And Citizens Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesperson believes to be true will be true to them, regardless of what others might think. Blame and perception are two subjects that go hand in hand. This is seen in many aspects of American culture, particularly in the relationship between police officers and citizens. When it comes to this relationship, people tend to take on very strong opinions either in defense of one group or in accusation of another. The viewpoints people take typically depend on which of the two groups they perceive to be goodRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagestasked with protecting and serving its citizens, not to harass and assault them. Police brutality is a continuous problem in the United States and officers need to be accountable for their actions. This research project will examine how police brutality often leads to death beca use of some officers unnecessary physical aggression and poor judgment, some incidents leads to unjust shootings, and finally, the misconduct of police officers. By understanding how police brutality is increasing and the violenceRead MoreVideo Evidence Builds Trust !913 Words   |  4 Pages Every police officer in the United States should wear body cameras in order to improve trust and rebuild relationships between citizens and law enforcement officers. Studies done across the country have shown a significant decrease in not only citizen complaints brought against the law enforcement but also a decline in incidents where police were involved in forceful activity or brutality. Body cameras will protect cops from false accusations while also protecting citizens from police brutalityRead MoreThe International Association Of Chiefs Of Police Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation of Chiefs of Police (IACP) defines the use of force as â€Å"the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject† and â€Å"whether the police officer reasonably believed that such force was necessary to accomplish a legitimate police purpose.† Based on a study done in various US cities, excessive force â€Å"is typically but not necessarily associated with more severe forms of force that could or do result in injury or death.† Recent prominent cases of police violence includeRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1585 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality and office involved shootings have sparked national debate and created a strain between police officers and citizens. Recently, there have been more home videos that display acts of aggression by police officers. These police officers often use excessive forces or a condescending tone towards people of color which is why there needs to be a better way to mend police and civilian relationship. People should be able to trust the police in their communities rather than fear them. PoliceRead MoreRestoring Public Trust : Amid Allegations Of Inaccurate Statistical Reporting1320 Words   |  6 Pagesreporting. Its primary focus will be on students, citizens and officers working together to have a better community that is focused on a city with lower crime rates, but when a crime does occur knowing that it was reported correctly and will be investigated accordingly. Key words: Trust, crime reporting, statistics, integrity, budget May 7, 2017 MEMORANDUM FOR: Active duty Sergeants and Lieutenants FROM: Lisa Thomas Police Lieutenant SUBJECT: Restoring Public Trust:Read MorePolice Officers And Law Enforcement1082 Words   |  5 PagesLaw enforcement officers equipped with body-worn cameras lower external use of force complaints and better compliance during police and citizens encounters creates a more positive experience for police and law-abiding citizens. In recent years, law enforcement officers have come under tremendous scrutiny by the public due to police officers’ use of excessive force. Several deadly force incidents captured on video and not captured caused the arrest or dismissal of police officers. Video footageRead MorePolice Brutality Has Changed Over The Years1291 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Brutality Police brutality has a long history in which citizens and police have been victims and in recent years it has became a major issue. Many people claim that the citizens are the ones to blame and others claim that the police officers are the ones who should take the blame. The history of police brutality goes way back, even into the 1800’s. Back then it was said to be aimed at the poor labor workers. Workers would go on strike, such as the Great Railroad strike of 1877, the PullmanRead MoreWhy Hiring More Police Officers916 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral reasons why hiring more police officers does not reduce crime rates. First, if we increased our nation’s police force, the number of actual police officers per 10,000 citizens would continue to be insignificant because the police officer’s presence is already distributed very thin. Second, in spite of a large and noticeable police existence some criminals are not discouraged from committing crimes. Third, many crimes cannot be successfully stopped by police patrol because they are committedRead MorePolice Officers Have The California Penal Code 835a Under Their Disposal982 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has scrutinized the use of force even more recently. Recordings of officers u sing force (weather excessive or not) become uploaded to the web and many individuals quickly jump to conclusions. Police use of â€Å"force† is up to the discretion of each individual police officer, and with each action a multitude of consequences can occur. The public often gets enraged after a court justifies the use of force, but often individuals do not have the full facts or understand how the justice system

The Moral And Philosophical Values Of China - 1270 Words

The Analects of Confucius, were written around 500 BC and are most commonly attributed to late great Confucius. However, the text was written by his disciples, around thirty year following his passing. The Analects have greatly influenced the moral and philosophical values of China and arguably around the world have been influenced by the moral and philosophical values of the Analects. The passage has remained a fundamental course of study for any Chinese scholar for approximately two thousand years. During the Sui Dynasty, a candidate s ability to apply Confucian philosophy and logic was crucial. So much so, that there was even an examination. The first book seems to be more of introduction to Confucius and his disciples, as well as, a glimpse of the many virtues and personal characteristics one must possess and how one must behave â€Å"The Master said: As a younger brother and son, be filial at home and deferential in the community be cautious I what you say and then make good on your word; love the multitude broadly and be intimate with those who are authoritative in their conduct. If in so behaving you still have energy left, use it to imprve yourself through study†( page 72 section 16). The second book focuses governance, as it is stated at the very beginning of book II â€Å"The master said: â€Å"Governing with excellence can be compared to being the North Star: The North Star dwells in its place, and the multitude of stars pay it tribute† (page 7 section 2.) The reaming booksShow MoreRelatedChinese vs Greeks when It Comes to Influence708 Words   |  3 Pagesrepresenting buildings of power or high status, the White House being the most prominent example. Comparatively the ancient Chinese style of architecture has stayed in the culture it was brought up in; geographically speaking the style has stayed in China with influence spreading to nearby Asian countries. While democratic techniques were very different in ancient Greece, we can see the framework used to establish political systems throughout the ages. The United States have used some of the sameRead MoreJainism And Daoism On Religion Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesIndia through its ideological aspect of moral instead of worship of deity. Let it be noted at this point that Jainism is largely practiced in India, though not to the whole part of India because most Indians are Hindus. Nevertheless, Jainism has approximated current followers of nearly six million people and through immigration the religion is gradually taking stage on a global platform. Daoism, on the other hand, is making progress beyond China though in China it is less charismatic with an estimatedRead MoreConfucianism And The Chinese Society1257 Words   |  6 Pagespast sense- as something only relevant to ancient China that cannot be applied to modern day society. However, what these people fail to realize is that Confucianism’s roots have been so integrated into China’s society that the values have become a part of every day life. Without having to explicitly state that they are following specifics aspects of Confucianism, most Chinese people submit to them, often times unknowingly. However, Confucian values not only exist in the Chinese society, but also permeateRead MoreHistorical Developments in Philosophy Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pages | | | | | | | | |Metaphysics |Philosophical study of nature |Western philosophy has |Realism, idealism, materialism, |Aristotle, John Locke, Plato |Ontology-nature of being or | | |and reality, concerned with the |categorized metaphysics asRead MoreTaoism, Confucianism, And Buddhism E ssay1712 Words   |  7 PagesTaoism is a religious, philosophical and ritual tradition originating in around the 3rd or 4th century. I plan to pursue how the religion was affected by the culture in which it arose. Specifically focusing on the fact that there are no real deities in Taoism. How Taoism, or Daoism, was shaped and influenced by Chinese culture, as well as presenting how Daoism has formed and prospered in Chinese civilization with both Confucianism and Buddhism as an influence. The teachings of the Dao De Jin, orRead MoreChina s Rule Under Legalism And Launching A Military Campaign875 Words   |  4 Pages From 600 BCE to 600 CE, China experienced changes in its political system in terms of the dissimilar ruling styles of different leaders, the rule under Legalism, and the influence of philosophical thinking like Daoism. These changes, influenced by aspects of the world and its own region, shaped China into its Classical state. In contrast, the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, the civil service system, and the significance of unity through a strong central government remained constant throughoutRead MoreEssay on The Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty1623 Words   |  7 PagesDaoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty As the dominant philosophical school for around two thousand years in Chinese imperial history, Confucianism is always regarded as the most representative ideology of China, associated with numerous books, poems, artworks and stories that glorify Confucianism’s permeation into every corner of Chinese society. However, before Han Wudi, Confucianism was only one of those competing philosophical schools founded in Spring and Autumn period. During the WarringRead MorePhl/215 Philosophy Matrix988 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between the mind and the body? | Moral | The study of ethics: The nature, criteria, sources, logic, and validity of moral value judgments | Aristotle develops a system of ethics.Roman influence: Epicureanism and StoicismEthics become ChristianizedThe Age of Reason | Ethical skepticismDescriptive RelativismEgoismHedonismEpicureanismStoicism | PlatoAristotleEpicurusZenoEpictetusAugustineHildegard of BingenAquinasHobbesHumeKantBenthamMill | What is a moral judgment?What is morally right or wrongRead MoreWhy Did The British And Chinese Views Of The Opium Trade Differ So Strongly From One Another?871 Words   |  4 Pagesdiffer so strongly from one another? China and British perspectives on the opium trade were contradistinctive and ultimately became the foundations of the Opium Wars in 1839-42 and 1856-60. The clash of opinions were not based around the narcotic opium itself but stemmed from a misunderstanding of cultures, conflicting economic behaviours and different ethical ideologies. The two countries were fixed in times of two unrelated eras. For thousands of years China followed a way of life propagated byRead MoreA Specific Culture Of Leadership938 Words   |  4 Pagesmelting pot of our own country and people of foreign lands. Culture shapes the leader’s ideals, personality traits, work values, and to a point, determines the pattern of leadership towards a specific culture (Wibbeke, 2014). It is by knowing other cultures that allows leaders to effectively lead and to connect the dots of differences that impact strategy (Soo, 2012, para. 2). China, although a communist dictatorship, is expected to become the globe’s largest economy by the year 2030 (McFarlane, 2008)

Session Long Project Working on a Negative Letter Free Essays

Dear Ms. Ambrose, Thank you for allowing me to examine your case.   I went over your files, which you gave in the 5th day of May 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Session Long Project: Working on a Negative Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now    I saw that you are 16 years old, a graduate of high school through tests conducted by the General Education Development (G.E.D.) in February 6, 2007, and has earned 15 semester college hours at the New Jersey City University on the first semester of S.Y. 2007-2008.   It is also indicated here, in the files that you submitted on May 5, that you scored a good 71 on your Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) test, which should earn you the right to enter the U.S. Navy here and then, especially that you are about to turn 17 years old this coming month. When I took your case to the office on the 8th day of this month, the numbers show that, for the enlistment of 2007-2008, G.E.D. graduates have filled up the 5% allowable applicants only this past week or specifically in April 30, 2008.   You have filed your request of application in the 5th of May 2008, but you will still get the chance to file again, since we are always open to applicants who are willing to join and launch an enjoyable career.   We should wait, however, for the next set of enlistments, which should be offered by August 2008.   By then, you should have turned 17 years old, with no reason for not being accepted in the navy. If you want, I can send another application to you once the door is open again for enlistment applicants.   That will only take about 2-3 months from now, which is only a little time, as compared to the vast opportunities that you will be having for the following years ahead.   I am sure that you will have no problems by then, especially if you earn more semester college hours, which you can still take in these three months that you have.   For the meantime, it would be best to wait for the next luck, which should arrive this August.   This can be an opportunity to get better standing, which should reflect well in your upcoming files. Good luck and see you again this August. Sincerely, _________________ SH1 (SW/AW) Jermaine Moore United States Navy Recruiter NRS Bossier City, Louisiana The principles The principles that were used in creating the letter above are mostly from the article of Joel Bowman (2002) of Western Michigan University.   I tried to be as logical and believable as I can be, without getting too formal, so that the reader will feel the concern of the letter writer (although not very emotional).   I tried to indicate that what I was relaying to her was nothing very tragic or sad because another set of enlistments should arrive by the following 2-3 months. The letter mirrored that what was happening was for the best of both the writer and the reader—a win-to-win situation—and even if the applicant’s request for admission has been denied, there are other opportunities in the future, which the writer would be pleased to accompany the reader.   I tried to show that the event was reasonable and legitimate, with the intention of offering the reader some alternatives that might help in her getting accepted in the next opportunity. This is to compensate for the shortcoming, which makes the letter forward-looking (instead of backward-looking), motivational, and not very negative to read.   It makes the reader realize that the letter does not really indicate refusal or rejection but more of a delayed opportunity.   I tried to minimize the impact by trying to point out that the opportunity is not lost but would come again in the months ahead. The parts Following the lecture of Bowman (2002), the letter that was presented is composed of the following: (1) The ‘pace’ portion that, in this letter, dictates the thankfulness of the writer for allowing him to examine the case, as well as the information that the writer has received concerning the case.   (2) The ‘lead’ portion that dictates the major episode that has led the writer to create a letter for the reader, which should include the negative message that is the reason for filing the negative letter.   In this letter, it reflects that G.E.D. applicants were accepted only until April 30, 2008.   (3) The ‘blend outcomes’ portion that changes the angle of the letter from negative to positive; it turns the message from backward-looking to forward-looking.   In this letter, this part says that the reader will get the chance to file again by August of the same year.   Finally, (4) the ‘motivate’ portion, which dictates why the alternative would suit and benefit the reader, with the decision to offer support and promote goodwill; this presents the reason on why the letter is not entirely negative, as it presents more positive opportunities that offer the reader some benefits. References Bowman, J. (2002). Writing negative messages. Business communication: managing information and relationships. Retrieved May 8, 2008, from Joel P. Bowman Homepage: http://homepages.wmich.edu/~bowman/badnews.html. Carroll, A. (2004). Letters†¦ we get stacks of letters and business notes. Retrieved May 8, 2008, from Dr. Jay’s Write Homepage: http://www.csun.edu/~vcecn006/lettr.html. Sittenfeld, C. (1999, March). Good ways to deliver bad news. Fast Company Magazine, 23. Retrieved May 8, 2008, from FastCompany.com database: http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/23/buckman.html.          How to cite Session Long Project: Working on a Negative Letter, Essay examples

485 Forensic Law Midterm Exam free essay sample

The most important fact that makes forensic evidence circumstantial is because science cannot be clearly defined by law. The legal system have created standards and written legal rules regarding the admissibility of forensic evidence. When forensic evidence that is presented in court is rarely unaccompanied by an expert witness to provide the court room with a professional explanation backing the reliability of the forensic process used to collect the relevant evidence. This is one the major obstacles in the modern courtroom. Expert witnesses are intended to provide the court with a detailed description of the forensic evidence being presented and how that evidence was analyzed through the use of forensic science. This makes an expert witness’s testimony a testimony to probability and circumstance, rather than actual fact. Consequently, the forensic evidence that is presented is ruled as circumstantial. The primary reason that science cannot be clearly defined by law is the rate of change and new theory that occurs regularly in science. We will write a custom essay sample on 485 Forensic Law Midterm Exam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There have been numerous cases where scientific evidence is found to be incorrect or inconclusive when it is admitted into evidence. This is a major concern for the courtroom as false convictions are detrimental to the integrity of the judicial system. Admissible forensic evidence is most always considered circumstantial so that there must be other forms of evidence to support the conclusion made from the forensic evidence to make a ruling. 2. Explain ways in which an opposing attorney can challenge an expert’s testimony in court. The primary goal of an attorney during cross examination is to destroy the credibility of a witness’s testimony. Expert witnesses are held to a different standard during trial and are considered professional witnesses as they speak on the behalf of a professional opinion and understanding of the information being presented; rather than the account or an experience. Regardless of who they witness is, it is important the Federal Rules of Evidence are upheld during cross examination. There are multiple rules against the presentation of past history of witness and attack of their personal character. That being said, an attorney may reference background and qualifications of an expert witness disprove the creditably of the witness as a professional in the field they are giving testimony to. An attorney may do this by researching the expert or the field that they practice and present them question that may cause they to refute their previous testimony or have no answer to a question. Causing an expert witness to look confused or untruthful on the stand shows the jury that jury that their testimony may not be credible or the judge has the authority to dismiss the witness completely. Another approach that is commonly executed during cross examination by an attorney is challenging of the validity and probativity of the expert witnesses testimony. Attorneys may focus on the limitations of the testimony and attempt to show the jury that the testimony is insignificant and inconclusive to show any benefit in proving or disproving any evidence or a fact at trial. An attorney may also challenge the purpose of the testimony. If the attorney can ask questions that show the testimony is insignificant and is not being used to prove or disprove evidence. Then the attorney may be able to have the judge dismiss the testimony. 3. Explain exactly what makes a witness an expert witness and provide an example of a specific forensic science expert witness. Also, explain what scientific expert opinion is and what is required before a court will allow this type of special testimony. An expert witness is considered an expert according to their credentials in the professional field that they are testifying in accordance with. Expert witnesses are used by attorneys to give professional opinion and explanation of information that the common individual would otherwise have no understanding of. Searching the web I discovered SEAK a website devoted to compiling information on expert witness. All of the expert witnesses listed on the site have been previously used in cases to provide testimony to specific evidence that is within the parameters of their expertise and professional credentials. Jill Kessler Miller is a great example of a specific expert witness. Jill resides in Southern California and is an expert in forensic science and dogs. She has testified in nine trials over the past four years. She has had over twenty-five years of experience with training dogs. She has a college degree in English and a graduate certification in Animal Policy Advocacy. The site also lists the multiple specific topics she gives testimony to. This is a great example of an expert witness because she lists are her professional credentials and specific fields that she will testify about in court. Dog bites and veterinary forensics are her direct links to forensic evidence. An expert witness’s expertise, training and special knowledge of a subject allows them to be give opinion is court. There is an exception to the rule against witnesses presenting anything but fact. Regardless, an expert witness’s opinion must be unbiased and bases solely on their special knowledge, train, and expertise in the field. The opposing attorney also has the right to confrontation to this opinion. 4. Explain in general how forensic evidence and analysis of this evidence can aid investigators in determining what took place at a crime scene. How would this information be helpful to an investigation? There are multiple different disciplines of forensic evidence and each different of discipline of forensic evidence can assist investigators to analysis specific evidence to identify its significance in the investigation. When a crime occurs an investigator arrive at the scene of the crime there first set it collect and document all the evidence found at the scene of the crime that looks like it make be out of place or help draw connections to the culprits of the crime. If hair, fibers, fingerprints, tire tracks, bite marks, etc. are found at a crime scene those materials or makes are correct and examined through the use of forensic evidence. The goal of forensic evidence is to analysis the materials collected and draw connections through science to link specific individuals or objects to the crime scene by matching the scientific components. This information is helpful to an investigator because it can provide time estimates of when the crime occurred, if the crime occurred at the location, who may be involved, what may have been used to commit the crime, etc. , but overall what caused the crime to occur. 5. Identify ten separate areas of forensic science that would commonly be utilized at a crime scene investigation and give a brief explanation of each. Hair analysis is the examination of human or animal hair. Forensic science is able to distinguish the difference between the two. Depending on the sample and if the follicle is still attached, science can recover DNA from the hair. Difference can also be made between what area of the body hair originated from. Fiber analysis is the examination of man-made fibers. Forensic science is able to identify through different processes the origination object a fiber may have come from and also may be able to identify what action cause the final location of the fiber. Fiber location can be a good indicator of a struggle or specific actions during a crime. Tread analysis is the examination of treads or tire marks. Upon discovery treads or tire marks are photographed and sometimes casted for examination. These photographs or casts are analyzed to determine the type of vehicle the treads could have come from. Ballistic analysis is the examination or firearms and ammunition. When cases involve firearms and ammunition, ballistic science is used to identify the characteristics of the ammunition discovered and link it to the type of firearm or exact firearm through the identification or rifling in the barrel or the firearm. Glass analysis is the examination of glass. Forensic science can examine glass to identify its refractive characteristics or composition to connect it to other samples of glass collected. There are numerous types of glass and forensic science is able to assist in identifying and matching samples. Paint analysis is the examination of paint samples. Forensic science is used to link paint samples recovered and link those samples to a source of origin. Paint analysis is common to link vehicles and weapons to a crime. Soil analysis is the examination or soil particles. Forensic science can identify even minute traces of soil particles and identify its characteristics, possibly origin. Footprint analysis examines the foot or shoe impressions. Forensic science can indicate through photographs or castings the size of foot, if it is human or animal in origin, if the speed of the individual, type of shoe the individual was wearing. Fingerprint analysis examines human fingerprints. Each individual person has different fingerprints and forensic science can examine one fingerprint and link it to a specific individual. Blood spatter analysis is the examination of blood and how it arrived at its discovered location. Forensic science can analysis blood spatter to indicate the origin of the blood and what may have taken place in what direction and matter to cause the specific patterns of blood discovered. 6. What can a forensic scientist/expert ascertain from hair samples located at a crime scene or on a victim? What would the expert be able to testify to upon analysis of these samples? Hair evidence is commonly discovered at the crime scene because both humans and animal are always shedding hair. The important job or hair forensic analysis is to discover the origins of the sample collected. If a hair sample still have a follicle attach it is possible for a forensic scientist is acquire a DNA pattern from the hair. The characteristics of a hair sample will also indicated the type of hair and location of the body where the hair would have originated from. Examination of the hair root can indicate whether the hair was removed through force or naturally shed by the body. At trial the expert may testify to the all the characteristics able that are possible to discover through a hair sample. Also, an expert may testify to the location of hair and how the characteristics of the hair sample may indicate a certain type of behavior for that hair to be found in the location it was. For example, if a male pubic hair is found in the location or a female genital area then that may be an indication of sexually deviancy. All of this testimony would be circumstantial and only a presentation of possible reasoning for hair characteristics and location. 7. How was fiber evidence utilized to convict Wayne Williams in the Atlanta Child Killing murders? Williams was convicted using seven different fiber and hair associations to the victim Jimmy Ray Payne. Payne was found in a river, but his cloths still retained fibers that were left on the body from his contact with Williams. The medical examiner was able to recover these fibers and sent them in for forensic testing. Through forensic testing it was found that two different fiber strands were consistent with the characteristics of Williams’ bed spread and bedroom carpet. Other fibers retrieved from Payne were consistent with William’s car. Other fibers where connected to various fibers throughout Williams’ home. Once the fibers were from Payne were linked to Williams, the FBI examined the fiber evidence from eleven other victims and through consistencies between all the fibers that were collected where able to link Williams is some way to all twelve murders through the fibers evidence. 8. How can certain marks located on a bullet be analyzed and used to help determine the exact gun from which the bullet was fired? Each individual firearm is created baring its own rifling. Rifling is the groves located within the barrel of a gun that assist the bullet to spin while exiting the gun and pierce through the air without wavering or tumbling. The rifling of the gun leaves distinct marks on the bullets that allow the bullet to be traces the specific rifling of the gun that shot the bullet. If there is no gun present to be directly compared to the bullet, rifling can also being used to identify the specific caliber or mark of the firearm used to fire the bullet. 9. How could glass or paint evidence be used to help solve a hit-and-run motor vehicle accident? What would the forensic expert be able to testify to when comparing glass or paint located at the scene in order to trace paint or glass evidence located on a suspect’s vehicle? Paint and glass evidence can be crucial in linking suspects and vehicles used in hit-and-run crimes. In most hit and run cases, when a vehicle strikes an individual or object traces of paint and glass may be transferred from the vehicle to the individual or object that was struck. Paint evidence is limited to the size or the sample and amount of paint transferred during contact. If the paint characteristics are identified, then those characteristics can be used to link the sample to the type or paint and color. If paint and color can be found and glass samples are left at the scene of a hit and run it is likely that the type of vehicle can be identified. Different types make, models, and types of vehicles utilize different types of glass in the construction of the vehicle. Glass forensic evidence can use glass sample taken from the scene to identify the type of glass and compare it to other samples to indicate possible origins of the sample. An expert witness cannot directly implicate a suspect in a crime by the glass or paint evidence from the scene of the crime and sample taken from the suspect vehicle. However, the expert witness can testify that the samples from the suspect’s car and the evidence collected from the scene have the sample characteristics. Also, an expert may be able to show that the damage or striations found at the scene could indicate that the car’s damage could have been directly caused by striking the individual or object involved in the hit-and-run.

Arthur MillerBIO essays

Arthur MillerBIO essays With The Death of a Salesman during the winter of 1949 on Broadway, Arthur Miller began to live as a playwright who has since been called one of this century's three great American dramatists by the people of America. The dramatist was born in Manhattan in October 17, 1915, to Isadore and Agusta Miller, a conventional, well to do Jewish couple. Young Arthur Miller was an intense athlete and a weak scholar. Throughout his youth he was molded into one of the most creative playwrights America has ever seen, without these priceless childhood experiences there would have never have been the basis and foundation for his great works. During his bright career as playwright he demonstrated extreme talent on two of his greatest pieces The Crucible and the Death of a Salesman. He has also written other powerful, often mind-altering plays: A View from the Bridge, A Memory of Two Mondays, After the Fall, Incident at Vichy, and The Price. Who could forget the film The Misfits and the dramatic special Playing for Time. Death of a Salesman was not Arthur Miller's first success on Broadway. His first plays were Honors at Dawn (1936) and No Villain (1937) which won the University of Michigan Hopwood Awards. His Death of a Salesman won the Pulitzer prize in 1949, which was another proof of his excellent talent. Miller wrote The Crucible in 1953 during the McCarthy period when Americans were accusing each other of Pro-Communist beliefs. Many of Miller's friends were being attacked as Communists and in 1956, Miller himself was brought before the House of Un-American Activities Committee where he was found guilty of beliefs in Communism. The verdict was reversed in 1957 in an appeals court. The Crucible is set against the backdrop of the mad witch-hunts of the Salem witch trials in the late 17th century. It is about a town, after accusations from a few girls, which begins a mad hunt for witches that did not exist. Many townspeople were hanged on...

The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US Essay Example

The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US Essay Example The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US Essay The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US Essay The Afghanistan Culture and how it is a Threat to the US The culture in Afghanistan has been in existence for the past two thousand years, and its beginnings can be traced back to at least the Achaemenid Empire during the 500 BCE (Emadi, 2005). It is also known as the place of Afghans or the land of Afghans when translated in the official Pashto and Dari languages. The country is mainly rural and tribal with communities around Afghanistan having native languages. There may be a few differences, but their way of life is mainly similar (Emadi, 2005). The country is Islamic, and therefore Afghans practice Islam. They eat the same food, dress the same, their music is the same, they follow similar traditions, and they celebrate similar holidays (Emadi, 2005). The country lacks a spelt-out government which leaves the Taliban, Northern Alliance and the military commanders in charge of various parts of Afghanistan. It is characterized by warfare, and many Afghans are often at the mercy of the Taliban and the military commanders (Emadi, 2005). Being a war tone region means that the culture of Afghanistan may be built on violent cultural beliefs. Such a cultural practice is where the citizens are often subjected to cruel forms of punishment. Anyone viewed to have done wrong will be beaten, amputated or executed in public (Shorthose, 2003). The public executions will include beheading, shooting, and stoning. Such a practice will mean danger for the citizens of the United States once it finds its way into America. America believes in the rule of law and will view such punishments as inhuman. However, it does not mean that the nation is completely safe from the practice. Immigration grants Afghans an opportunity to live in America and they will carry their culture with them. Some will be engrossed in the form of punishment that takes place in Afghanistan especially those who enforce the punishment on others. Eventually, these individuals will engage in such cultural practices while in America and on American citizens thus enda ngering the lives of Americans. The Afghanistan culture does not empower its women and gives all the authority and power to men (Emadi, 2005). Men will take a more public role while the domestic space is left for women (Emadi, 2005). In such instances, education will not be considered as important for women. Therefore, such a case would mean that an Afghan man either in Afghanistan or anywhere else in the world will not support the empowerment of women (Jones, 2010). Such a man in the United States will not change his cultural belief just because the United States says so. He will stick to his cultural practice and prevent his wife and daughters from acquiring any form of empowerment and especially education. It will deny America the opportunity to develop an individual who will contribute positively to the development of the nation which means that the country moves a step back regarding development and advancement due to lack of education and empowerment for its women who are originally from Afghanistan. The state is also characterized by bomb attacks especially from the Islamic extremists present in Afghanistan (Jones, 2010). They attack innocent villagers killing children and children. In many instances, they will focus their effort on Afghans they feel are supporting other military operations from countries that bring aid including the United States (Jones, 2010). The practice often transits to the United States where individuals especially Afghanistan immigrants in the United States are used by extremists in their country to cause destruction in America. These people will often train as suicide bombers or bomb experts who will develop explosives and set them up in places that they can quickly blow up. America has experienced such an incident on the 11th of September 2001 were more than three thousand lives were lost (Jones, 2010). The country continues to get involved in the issues of Afghanistan, and therefore it increases its risk of an attack. The cultural practice mainly gear ed towards the Islamic religion may cause a bomb disaster in the United States which the country will need time to recover from. Afghanistan is an extremely religious and ethnic country (Entezar, 2008). The wide spread religion in the region is Islam, and their way of life is built around Islam. Their laws are developed around the Quran, and the judges will give a ruling according to what their religion says. There is no separation of civil laws and religious laws in the country. It is the reason why much religious police in Afghanistan remain omnipotent (Entezar, 2008). The different factions in Afghanistan will jail thousands of people without a fair trial (Entezar, 2008). A big part of the country is under the Taliban rule, and they have the drive to purify their society thus the group will emphasize the use of moral values (Entezar, 2008). The Taliban continues to wage war in the country, and they will punish people, mostly severely, according to the dictates of Islam (Entezar, 2008). In America, no one is ever above the civil law. Religion is at the disposal of every individual and people are free to asso ciate with whatever religious group they feel comfortable with. Islam is part of the religion that is present, but the nation is dominantly Christian. However, it does not mean that everyone who makes a mistake will be judged and sentenced according to the Christian dictates. Everyone answers to the civil law and any individual who commits a crime no matter how big gets a trail to prove his or her innocence. The prosecution opted for by the Taliban would mean disaster for America. Many people could be executed even without trial if such a cultural practice was to find its way into the United states. The rule of law would have no power, and people would be judged and sentenced on religious lines. For the longest time, the Taliban have worked against any foreign aid organization that tries to find its way into Afghanistan. The group wants Afghans to stay poor and unempowered for them to remain under their rule and control. Massoud the former northern alliance leader, who was assassinated had tried to empower the people of Afghanistan through democracy and education (Shorthose, 2003). Many people had moved from the areas controlled by the Taliban to the regions that were under the supervision of the leader because he offered them a better chance at life. There were reports of some Taliban officials and commanders defecting and joining Massoud. He was open to foreign aid and welcomed other religions including Christianity. All that he stood for went against the dictates of the Taliban, but it was the preferred rule by Afghans. It is clear that the Taliban rule in a way that is not favorable to the citizens of Afghanistan (Shorthose, 2003). They keep control of the people through inflicting fear. It is the reason why a big percentage of the country remains underdeveloped, and many of the citizens live in rural areas where they have little or no access to advancement. The Taliban wants them to remain unempowered. Such a cultural practice would be disastrous for the people of America (Shorthose, 2003). America is a nation that allows diversity and the opportunity for every individual to make himself or herself better. People have the chance to work for a better life, and the government and various groups will empower its citizens in all possible ways. The country will allow foreign aid where necessary and work with organizations that aim at helping its citizens (Shorthose, 2003). Therefore, the cultural p ractice in Afghanistan would limit the people of America to what the Taliban want. It would deny them of any aid and chance to live a better life. Such a way of life would cause an uproar in the country, and many will rise against it. It may even result in war between the people and the Taliban and the loss of thousands of lives. Military activity in Afghanistan never stops. The military commanders are often targeting and harassing innocent people, the Taliban, backed by Pakistan and the northern alliance will always be at war due to territorial issues and the way through which the three groups govern their regions in Afghanistan (Shorthose, 2003). No one will accept the other rule, and those who suffer are innocent civilians. There are instances where the Taliban will use military force to reassure the citizens of their control and to make sure that Afghans remain afraid of them and cow under their rule (Shorthose, 2003). It means that there is no instance when Afghanistan is every peaceful. The al-Qaeda is also competing for the opportunity to rule over the Islamic world, and in many cases, civilians will lose their lives, and the group fights against the Taliban. These groups will recruit the young and energetic Afghanistan men with the pretense of making them productive and giving them a better life (Shor those, 2003). These young people are trained to become extremists, and in most instances, they will be used in suicide bombs and attacks on targets that both the Taliban and al-Qaeda view to be threats to their power and stability (Shorthose, 2003). It means that Afghanistan never can develop and advance. The military and warfare environment makes it impossible. The country lacks young, energetic men who will work towards its development. America, on the other hand, is grounded on empowering its citizens to develop themselves thus developing the country. It is a peaceful country with much focus on economic and political empowerment. Therefore, the Afghanistan military environment would put the country on a downward spiral. It will present a threat to the economic and political development of America and the countrys position as a superpower in the world. No development would take place thus threatening the countrys place in the world. The Afghanistan culture is a unique way of life that is uniquely recognizable to Afghans. However, the extremist groups who have slowly taken over the nation and developed an undesirable culture within the country make the Afghanistan culture a threat to the United States. The culture would mean political instability, economic sabotage, technological underpinning and the lack of empowerment which acts as the pillars of the American people and their culture. References Emadi, H. (2005). Culture and customs of Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. Entezar, E. M. (2008). Afghanistan 101: understanding Afghan culture. Xlibris Corporation. Jones, S. G. (2010). It takes the villages: Bringing change from below in Afghanistan. Shorthose, J. (2003). Unlawful instruments and goods: Afghanistan, culture and the Taliban. Capital Class, 27(1), 9-16.

Practice of medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Practice of medicine - Essay Example Except for the prudent correction of an imminent danger, I will neither treat any patient nor carry out any research on any human being without the valid informed consent of the subject or the appropriate legal protector thereof, understanding that research must have as its purpose the furtherance of the health of that individual. Into whatever patient setting I enter, I will go for the benefit of the sick and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief or corruption and further from the seduction of any patient. – An excerpt from ‘The Hippocratic Oath’. Multiple studies and researches have been conducted on the bodily reactions of patients after surgical procedures that were performed. These researches are done by professional doctors and physicians who are bound by their oath and are adamant in keeping their clients from experiencing pain or discomfort as well as discovering a viable treatment to alleviate any pain. To extrapolate such a remedy, hypothesis testing as well as research must be done. To perform to these quite rigorous procedures, the physicians must adhere to a code of ethics that will display their professionalism and protect the rights of the patients. Other than aforementioned Hippocratic Oath - which was formulated in approximately 400 B.C. - there was a plethora of ethics and guidelines engendered respective to each culture. The cardinal evidence of this comes from the bible. In the bible contains the first illustrations of edicts concerning the ethics of physicians. Among the essentials of the oath, the premier edict is honouring the pedagogues of the medical discipline.

The Effectiveness of Internal Auditing in Saudi Arabian Local Essay

The Effectiveness of Internal Auditing in Saudi Arabian Local Government - Essay Example Variables used to measure the efficiency include the competence of the staff in the audit department, the size of the department, the independence and autonomy of the audit department, the management support of the audit process, relationship of the internal practitioners with the internal auditors and eventually, the relationship between the audit council and the auditing department (Kamrava, 2010). The methodology used in the survey, archival and the conduction of the research involved the use of unstructured interviews (personalized and intercepted via telephone) and use of survey questionnaires, the respondents in this process included administrators form the Al Sharqiyah Municipal government and in this organization, the internal audit department will be fully utilized as a source of information, Correspondence with the governor or his handlers will be required to evaluate the efficiency of the operations in the local government and to have their opinion ad take on the role and importance of internal auditing in local government. The analysis of the findings will help determine the level of comprehension of the practitioners and stakeholders of the audit process and importance and also gauge their efficiency in the implementation of the same. A review of their competence levels will be of prime importance since it will also indicate the nature of the workforce in the local government versus the kind of work they do which in turn will assist in the evaluation of their efficiency at work. The background information on the structure of local government and audit requirements of local government as mandated by the Generally Accepted Auditing Principles and the Audit Practice in Local Government will be used as a yardstick in the measurement of efficiency of the practitioners, the internal audit process and the compliance of the administrators to the laid rules and regulations of internal auditing (Kamrava, 2010). BACK GROUND / INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY Saudi Arabia, home to a massive population of 22.1 million p eople according to polls done in 2001 by the Saudi Department of Statistics. To manage this population that sits on land and water. The Saudi Arabian government has divided the nation onto fourteen provinces also known as emirates. These are namely Al Banah,Al Hudud as Shamaliyah, Al Jawaf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyaf, Ar Riyadin , Al Sharqiyah ,Asir Hail Jizan, Mkkah, Najra and Tabuk. All these emirates are either headed by brothers, sons and nephews and other kin to the King (currently King Abdullah) according to the economic and political significance of the emirate. This system allows the emirates to be divided into districts and sub-districts relative to their geographical size. With the developments in trade within Saudi Arabia and the world, the economy, social set up and political

Environmental Toxicology. Oil Spills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Toxicology. Oil Spills - Essay Example The catastrophe instantly hit the dwellers of neighboring regions as about 6000 metric tons of oil were observed along the beaches in Mexico and even the United States, and the rest of the oil sank to the bottom of the Gulf. It resulted in a drastic reduction (up to 70 percent) of amount of fish as was marked by the locals (Arne, 1981). This predictably had an impact on economical life of the region as most of the dwellers earned their living by fishing. Miglierini (2010) in his article claims that a number of factors decreased harmful consequences substantially. Among them it is possible to name high sea temperatures, which contributed to faster oil diffusion, and the flows in the part of the sea. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of the oil spill can still be witnessed in Mexico. According to Arne (1981), the decline of flora and fauna in the tidal zone was marked by reduction of certain species of crabs and fish as well as extinction of several species of algae, sea grasses, and corals. Due to its chemical toxicity (in the vicinity of the well) and through its physical properties (stickiness) the oil from the Ixtoc I blow-out acutely affected the species by changing their distinctive properties in the Campeche Bay area. Even after three decades the remnants of the oil spill linger in water an on land: it is possible to find tar mats (almost the same materials as the asphalt on the highways) among the reefs. Despite scientific e vidence, dwellers of the area are persuaded that strange black formations of coagulated oil noticed along the coast are the heritage of the catastrophe on Ixtoc I (Miglierini, 2010). Moreover, the most unpleasant evidence were contamination of brooks and sandy bays which resulted in decrease in reproduction of certain species of fish and birds. Nevertheless, few decades later the scientists marked the populations of endangered species

Projector Functions And Uses Computer Science Essay

Projector Functions And Uses Computer Science Essay A projector is to display images from computer or laptop. The term wireless is used to describe how the projector receives the signal. Presentation projector always having wire mess up here and there, this is where wireless projector comes in. It solves the problem of wiring by transmitting without wire using wireless technology such as Bluetooth, radio frequency and Wi-Fi. By eliminating wiring problem, it will speed up the time of setting up through wire. This will also allow multiple users to be connected to projector at a time to present their content from their laptop. Installation of projector using wire is very costly because VGA cable is quite expensive when it comes to using long length of wire. Currently there are many types of projectors such as image projector, movie projector and etc. This project is about sending data wirelessly using radio frequency from a transmitter to receiver. This project will be using microcontroller that is connected to a PC. There will have 2 c ircuit boards that have a microcontroller each. The transmitting board will be the place where process the data that come from a PC that is an analog signal and it will be kept first in the memory that is a static ram. Then the data will pass through an encoder that will convert data information into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio frequency. For receiver board, data that is receive from radio frequency receiver will be decoded using decoder to reverse the format to the original form of data information. Like at the transmitting board, data will be stored in memory first then only it will send to digital to analog conversion to convert it into analog form. Lastly the data will be send to a projector. As for this project, projector will be replaced to CRT monitor. This is because projector and monitor are having the same VGA pin out connector. The VGA pin out connector is a DE15. Aim The aim for this project is to design a device that will transmit signal from a laptop/desktop to a presentation projector through wirelessly. Objectives To design a device that will interface to PC and a projector wirelessly. To research of RGB signaling and protocol. To research of various types of wireless of technology. To understand the functioning of the presentation projector. Product specification Specification Project Microcontroller PIC 18F4550 Power Supply 9V Type of Wireless Radio Frequency Module Wire Single Core Weight 300 Gram Type of Memory Static Ram Table 1: Product Specification CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Marketing survey Lindy Projector Server[1] C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopprojector server.jpg Figure 1.0: VGA Extender Projector Server[1] The wireless VGA extender projector server allow connection to a projector either by using wire or wireless LAN. This is best application for PowerPoint and other presentation. Its wireless connection support up to 100m. Do not need to swap VGA cable between laptops. Presenter just have to connect their computers to server access point through wireless. It is very convenient. [1] Panasonic[2] Panasonic PT-LB10NTU Projector Figure 1.1: Panasonic PT-LB10NTU[2] It support for most wireless cards and it has a great quality image when is in presentation mode. It is very easy to setup and friendly user. The disadvantage of this projector is that it comes with only 1 type of connection cable that is VGA. The projector can be connected up to 4 users at a time with broad support, fast and easy. [2] Dell[3] C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdell.jpg Figure 1.2: Dell S300wi[3] It is very rare to find a projector that has a multimedia audio. It is a short-throw projector type that can be projected in a short distance. This product does not need to be calibrated before using. It is best to use in a small to medium size room. It has one wireless connector that is an embedded WiFi. [3] Canon[4] Canon LV-8215 Projector Figure 1.3: Canon LV-8215[4] This product has a few of advantages; one of them is audio quality. It is a multimedia projector that is why audio quality, image quality and resolution are its advantages. When it comes to such good features, there will always have a bad side that is its fan is noisy and also need maintenance once in a while. [4] Casio[5] Casio XJ-S46 Projector Figure 1.4: Casio XJ-S46[5] A DLP projector that uses a wireless adapter to connector between laptop and projector. It has a wireless adapter so that allow wireless connection. It is easy to carry to anywhere due to its light weight. The projector has digital zoom feature. [5] Overall Product Cost and Specification Product name Lindy Panasonic Dell Canon Casio Type Projector server LCD projector DLP projector LCD projector DLP projector Specification -Compatible with all Windows but not Mac -Up to 4 laptops can be connected -Quick and easy setup -Wireless connection -Up to 4 laptops can be connected -Quick and easy to shut down and start up -For small to medium room -Wireless connection -Short-throw -Has an interactive pen -Short-throw projector -HDMI input -Up to 4-1 split-screen -3D projection -High contrast -Has DVI input -Blackboard mode -Soft carrying case -Very light weight -USB port -Soft carrying case Weakness -Only VGA connection -Projection mode does not support wireless audio -Presenting speed and image quality -Overloaded and distorted at maximum volume -Very heavy -No digital zoom -Very heavy -No digital zoom -Low contrast -Uses high power consumption Cost RM1600.00 RM602.00 RM3000.00 RM1673.90 RM3526.60 Comments -Not a projector but a server -Fast setup -Quite expensive -Fast setup -Quite cheap -Simultaneously project up to 4 different user screens -Very expensive -not good image quality -Very expensive Table 2: Overall product cost and specification [1][2][3][4][5] Component D-Subminiature[6] D-Subminiature or can be called D-Sub is universal type of electrical connector used in computer. D-Sub has a lot of series that every series has different number of pins. There are DA-15, DB-25, DC-37, DD-50 and DE-9.[6] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DSubminiatures.svg/250px-DSubminiatures.svg.png Figure 2.0: Different Pins Connector[6] Type DA-15 DB-25 DC-37 DD-50 DE-9 Pins 15 25 37 50 9 Table 2.1: Different type of D-sub From the table above, DB-25, DC-37 and DD-50 are not in consideration because laptop does not have this type of pin out. DE-9 has 9 pins and laptops do have the pin out but for monitor/projector, it only supports DA-15. Thats why for this project DA-15 will be used. DA-15 can be called DE-15 or also VGA connector is used because monitor and laptop both have pin in and pin out that support each other. [6] Microcontroller[7] Microcontroller is a device with hidden powerful ability to do a lot of thing. Nowadays most of electronic device has microcontroller inside them because it is use to process task. Due to its low voltage consumption and for its ability to run one specific program, it is usually chosen to use in project. The program generally is program by using a programmer and store in ROM (read-only memory). [7] Microcontroller PIC 16F877a PIC 18F4550 Basic Stamp I/O ports 33 35 16 RAM 368Bytes 2048 Bytes 32Bytes Flash Program Memory 8K 16K 2K Cost RM21 RM35 RM70 Table 2.2: Different type of microcontroller[7] From the table above, out of 3 comparisons basic stamp is the most not suitable for this project. This is because there are only a few I/O ports. It runs at a very slow speed and has small memory size. PIC 16F877a and PIC18F4550 is the 2 microcontroller can take into consideration. Memory[8] There are 2 types of memory which are volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory is storage where when power is off contents are erased. This is because of RAMs volatile nature that is why user must use hard drive to keep their work as a permanent medium in order to avoid losing data. DRAM and SRAM are both volatile memory that currently have in market. Device like computer ram is a volatile. Non-volatile memory is storage where when power is off the contents that is stored previously will still be there. Devices like hard drive and CMOS chip are example of non-volatile memory. Currently in market, ROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM and PRAM that are non-volatile memory. Memory Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory Type DRAM, SRAM ROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM, PRAM Advantages -Mostly comes with a lifetime guarantee -Automatically store data -Data can be stored up to 10 years -Less costly -Data wont lost when power off Disadvantages -Data will lost when power off -Quite costly -User need to manually store data Table 2.3: Comparison of memory type[8] As for this project after analysis, it is best to go for volatile memory because this project does not need to store memory and retrieve after power off. After analyze and decided to go for volatile memory, there are DRAM and SRAM to choose from. DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory and SRAM is static random access memory. In this project, SRAM is chosen because it does not need to keep refreshed over time which DRAM needs a constant refreshing. This I s because DRAM store its memory as charge leaks which information needs to be read and written every few milliseconds. Memory X28HC256PZ-15 CY62256LL-70PXC AT29LV256-20JC Type EEPROM SRAM FLASH Mounting Through hole Through hole Surface mount Density 256k 256k 256k Operating Voltage 5V 5V 3.3V Pin Count 28 28 32 Number of Bits per Word 8bit 8bit 8bit Interface Type Parallel Parallel Parallel Manufacturer Intersil Cypress Atmel Table 2.4: Comparison of memory available[8] From the table above, most of the specification above is nearly the same. Memory that is produce by Atmel is out of consideration because the operating voltage is 3.3V that is not suitable for this project. The mounting way is surface mount making this project not that suitable because there is no equipment to solder it onto PCB. This memory has too many pin count too which cannot be supported by PIC18F4550. Cypress and Intersil memory are the exact same specification but the memory that is used in this project is Cypress memory. This is because Intersil memory is EEPROM type. In this project, it does not need to store any data after power down so making SRAM is the best choice due to its nature. Wireless Wireless is a transferring data method without using any wire over certain distance. Some distance is just a short distance and some can goes up to very far away. Nowadays wireless is the most communication way for telecommunication method. There are a few ways of transmitting wirelessly such as: Infrared(IR) Radio Frequency(RF) Bluetooth Wi-Fi Wireless Technology Infrared Radio Frequency Bluetooth Distance Short Vary Medium Line of sight Yes No No Table 2.5: Comparison of Different Technology There are modules available for this technology. From table above, this project best technology fit to use is radio frequency. Modules that available in market are: Modules Type Security Distance Speed Communication way Price IR module Infrared Medium Short Slow 1 Way Cheap RF module Radio frequency Medium Medium Medium 1Way Medium Zigbee Radio frequency Medium Medium Fast 2Ways Expensive Table 2.6: Comparing wireless modules From the table above, this project will be using RF module. Zigbee has a faster speed than RF module but from price and communication aspect, it is quite expensive and this project does not need 2 ways communication. This project just needs to send data signal to the receiver only. CHAPTER 3: Methodology General Block Diagram Microcontroller PIC 18F4550 RF module Memory Laptop VGA cable Monitor Figure 3.0: General Block Diagram Figure above showing the overall diagram of what this project has. Monitor will be device where it display whatever shown at the laptop. Before the display can be shown at monitor, the data signal need to pass through the output video graphic array (VGA) connector that has 15 pins which can also be called DB15. Memory is to store the data signal so that the data can be kept and synchronize before going to transmitting device. This is to make sure the data is send correctly. There will be also radio frequency module which will help transmitting data signal through wirelessly. General Flow Chart Start Radio frequency module Digital to Analog Conversion PIC Analog to Digital Conversion Display at monitor Get Laptop signal Figure 3.1: General Flow Chart The flow chart above is showing the way a laptop send its on screen image wirelessly to the receiver side which is a monitor. Laptop will constantly send image to microcontroller which will be kept in memory of its data to enable of synchronize when transmitting wirelessly. When it captures 7500 bits then it will send to encoder to convert into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio frequency. At the receiver side, it will constantly receive the data signal then keep in the memory. When it store up till 7500 bits, microcontroller will automatically synchronize into a code and send to monitor to display. Project Signal Overview Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital R, G, B, HSync, VSync Analog/ Digital Laptop Microcontroller Memory Microcontroller Encoder Transmitter Microcontroller Decoder Memory Microcontroller Monitor Receiver Digital Digital Digital Analog/ Digital Figure 3.2: Signal Overview Basically this figure above showing an overview of what type of signal when it reaches at certain hardware. There are 2 places where analog signal can only be detected which are from laptop to microcontroller and before it show the screen of laptop user. This is because signal that comes out from VGA port has red, green, blue, Hsync, and Vsync. Hsync and Vsync are the only signal that runs at 5voltage which are transistor-transistor logic (TTL) signal. The color signals are analog. This signal will pass through analog to digital converter which microcontroller itself has the function. From microcontroller to RF module, all the signals are in digital. Before display the laptop on screen display at receiver side, it will pass through digital to analog converter because monitor is uses VGA port which are analog. Microcontroller Figure 3.3: PIC 18F4550 PIC 18F4550 is a low voltage and 40 pins microcontroller from Microchip. It is a flash high performance PIC which has two-speed oscillator start-up. It has 35 input and output ports and up to 13 ADC module. It has also 32kbytes flash program memory, SRAM of 2048bytes and EEPROM of 256bytes. Early few months ago, this project started out with PIC 16F877a. After some intensive of testing out to get output of image from PIC 16F877a, there is no image shown. Hence PIC 18F4550 become the next PIC to act as a microcontroller. This is because 16F877a with oscillator of 20 MHz, the speed of microcontroller couldnt match up with the speed of VGA cable signal. Now with this PIC 18F4550, oscillator of 40 MHz is used. In this project the port are use as follow: Port A (1-5) and Port B (0-7): This port A (1-5) and port B (0-7) connected to memorys address lines which are A0-A12. Port D (0-7): This Port D (0-7) is connected to memory data lines which are the I/O port. Port E (0-2): This Port E (0-2) is connected to memory control lines which are chip enable, write enable and output enable. All of this control lines are active low. Port C (4-5): This Port C (4-5) are vertical sync and horizontal sync. Port A (0): This Port A is the input of either red, green or blue pin from laptop. The color pin out from laptop is connected to A0 of this PIC is because pin A0 and pin A1 are the only pin available for analog to digital converter (ADC). VDD: This pin is connected to a voltage regulator which is LM 7805. This has to be connected to LM7805 to make sure the voltage does not go over 5V. Vss: This pin surely has to be connected to ground if not the microcontroller will not work. OSC1 and OSC2: It is connected to a 40MHz crystal. Without this crystal, this project will not work. Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) Analog to digital conversion is a way to convert a signal from analog to digital so that the microcontroller can read the signal. After converting to digital, the signal will become either logic 1 or logic 0. Example on how to convert an analog signal input of 8 bit: x 255 = Voltage value per step Example RGB voltage x 255 = 35.7 Then convert into binary 35 = 00100011 (binary) Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC) C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorMy DocumentsMy PicturesIMG_0405.jpg Figure 3.4: Resistor Ladder Resistor ladder can be constructed by using a set of resistors of 2 values while another resistor double. For this project, resistor ladder is used as digital to analog conversion. Figure above is the fully constructed resistor ladder. It is a R/2R resistor network. This resistor ladder can increase its number of bits by adding more resistor network. To prove the ADC and DAC formula match, here is the example of formula. Example on how to convert digital to analog of 8bit: = Voltage value per step Step x Voltage value per step = Analog output voltage So from the formula above, now to prove the formula is correct by using previous analog result: = 0.0196V 36 x 0.0196 = 0.686V (approximate 0.7V) From the calculation, it is proven that the formula for ADC and DAC is correct. RGB Theory Video RGB and YCbCr are the typical digital signals. The typical order of decreasing video quality is: HDMI (Digital YCbCr) HDMI (Digital RGB) Analog YPbPr Analog RGB Analog S-Video Analog composite Video is always considered as continuous picture motion but actually it is a sequence of still images due to rapid changing that it looks like nonstop picture motion. The typical video refresh rate is 50 or 60 times per second for consumer video and 70 to 90 times per second for computer. The vertical and horizontal sync information is usually transferred in one of three ways: Separate horizontal and vertical sync signals. Separate composite sync signal. Composite sync signal embedded within the video signal. Most CRT based displays are still interlaced while LCD, plasma and computer displays are progressive. Enhanced-definition video is usually defined as having 480 or 576 progressive active scan lines and is commonly called 480p and 576 respectively. Interlaced and enhanced-definition is progressive is standard-definition. Figure 3.5: Progressive displays Figure 3.6: Interlaced displays Color spaces A three dimensional, Cartesian coordinate system is use to represent Red, Green, Blue that are the three primary additive colors. Figure 3.7: The RGB color cube The figure above showing RGB values for 100% amplitude, 100% saturated color bars. It is use for common video test signal. Table 3.0: RGB color bars Video Timing Background Every VGA connector consist of 5 main data signals which is needed to display an image. The following are the 5 data signals: Red Green Blue Horizontal sync Vertical sync Red, green and blue signals is an analog type of signal. This signals carry pixel data in it. Horizontal and vertical sync is to provide information of timing for the monitor so those monitors display the pixel data correctly. Figure 3.8: Horizontal Timing The figure above shows that the timing of the video data and horizontal data signal. The blanking interval means that there is no video data signal is been send. Every monitor will use horizontal blanking interval to check on horizontal sync pulse. There are 3 characteristics of horizontal pulse: Front porch Back porch Pulse width Front porch is to check on the delay of initial edge and the end of video signal of sync pulse. Delay of the first piece of data and the final edge of signal of sync pulse for the next scanline is back porch. Pulse width is the period of time that sync signal is asserted. Figure 3.9: Vertical Timing The figure above is video frame which also video data with vertical sync. Its basically the same thing with horizontal except for vertical then is video frame. VGA connector Pin Name Signal Direction Description 1 Red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Red data 2 Green à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Green data 3 Blue à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Blue data 4 ID2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 2 5 GND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Ground 6 RGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Red ground 7 GGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Green ground 8 BGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Blue ground 9 Key . No pin 10 SGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Sync ground 11 ID0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 0 12 ID1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 1 13 HSync à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Horizontal sync 14 Vsync à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Vertical sync 15 ID3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 3 Table 3.1: Pin Description Output signal from laptop Input signal to laptop Figure above is showing the pin description and the direction of the signal is going. Encoder Decoder Figure 3.10: Encoder 2262 Figure 3.11: Decoder 2272-L6 Encoder Below is a table for encoder PTC 2262: Pin Name I/O Description A0~A5 I Pin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to encode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pin A6/D5~A11/D0 I Address pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the encoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0 TE I Transmission Enable. Active low trigger. Encode when ground or plug out OSC1 O Oscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency) OSC2 I Oscillator Pin no.2 Dout O Data output pin. The encoded data is sent by serial transmitting through this pin. Vcc Voltage supply Vss Ground Table 3.2: Encoder description Decoder Below is a table for decoder PTC 2272-L6 Pin Name I/O Description A0~A5 I Pin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to decode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pin A6/D5~A11/D0 I Address pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the decoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0 VT O Transmission receive. Active high trigger. When logic 1 means receive OSC1 O Oscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency) OSC2 I Oscillator Pin no.2 Dout O Data output pin. The encoded data will be serially transmitted through this pin. Vcc Voltage supply Vss Ground Table 3.3: Decoder Description Encoder is use to convert the data information into a standard format or code so that it is easier to send. This can allow the data information to be compress into a code word. Signal Resistor Oscillator Resistors have to be connected to osc1 and osc2 pin at both encoder and decoder so that the resistor will set the oscillation. Below is the recommended resistor value for both encoder and decoder: Encoder 2262 Decoder 2272-L6 4.7Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 820kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 3.3Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 680kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 1.2Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 200kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Table 3.4: Oscillator for encoder and decoder F = From this formula, the best suitable resistor value for fastest speed when transmit is 1.2Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and 200kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Code word A code word is consisting of 8 address, 4 data and 1 sync. This adds up into 13 bits. Figure 3.12: Code Word Figure 3.13: Address/data bit waveform The figure above is showing address bit waveform that has been encoded. Radio Frequency Module http://www.ananiahelectronics.com/pcr1a.gif http://www.ananiahelectronics.com/fs100a.gif Figure 3.14: Receiver Figure 3.15: Transmitter The radio frequency transmitter has 3 pins. From the figure above, the transmitter has 1 ground, 1 power supply pin and 1 data pin. Receiver has 1 ground, 1 power supply and 2 data pins. Both transmitting and receiving device have to be the same frequency so that the signals data can be send n receive. Every wireless transmission, there will be encoding and decoding technique that is vary from every device. Encoding is to ensure that the information that will be send wirelessly is secure as in security and not disturb by other same device that has same frequency. Memory (RAM) Memory which can be separated into 2 types which are volatile and non-volatile memory. In chapter 2 already explain what is volatile and non-volatile. This project uses 2 memory which are 1 at transmitting and 1 at receiving. The following are the pin definitions for this memory: Pin Number Type Description 1-10, 21, 23-26 Input A0-A14 are address inputs. 11-13, 15-19 Input/Output I/O0-I/O7 are data lines. It is used as inputs and output lines depending on the operation. 27 Input/Control When WE is selected to be low, a write is conducted. When high is selected, a read is conducted. 20 Input/Control When CE is low, chip is selected. When high, chip is selected. 22 Input/Control Output enable. Controls the direction of the I/O pins. When low, the I/O pins behave as outputs. When deasserted high, I/O pins are three-stated and act as input data pins 14 Ground Ground for device 28 Power Supply Power supply for device Table 3.5: Memory Description Software Flow Chart Transmitter Start Capture frame 8 times Write into memory Capture 7500 bits? Transmit wirelessly Yes No Figure 3.16: Transmitter First the laptop will send out bit of red, green and blue with the sync bit. This bit that is in analog will convert into digital once it reach inside microcontroller. Then the microcontroller will write the frames that is capture 8 times into memory. It will check has it capture 7500 bits or not if not then the microcontroller will keep on capturing. After that once 7500 bits obtain then microcontroller will read from memory and send through wirelessly at transmitting side. Receiver Checking for wireless signal Write into memory Receive 7500 bits? Display at monitor End Yes No Figure 3.17: Receiver The receiver will keep on checking for wirelessly signal. Once it obtains the signal then will write into the memory. The microcontroller will constantly check whether it has receive 7500 bits. Once it reach 7500 bits then the monitor will display image. CHAPTER 4: Analysis and Testing RGB Timing

John Fowles The Collector Essay -- essays research papers

John Fowles' The Collector John Fowles gives one a glimpse into insanity in, The Collector. A lonely, single man comes into some money, and suddenly his fantasies can become reality. He collects butterflies, killing them and posing them in little glass plates. Is he evil? It is hard to say, and as one reads the lines are blurred and morals questioned. Is that which is wrong always done with bad intentions?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick, the main character, is in love with a beautiful, young girl who he has never spoken to. They lived in the same town, and occasionally he would see Miranda, the art student, walking about as he looked out of windows from home and from work. When Fred wins the lottery, he realizes that he will be able to have Miranda, but he does not believe he ...

Debate & MySpace Essay

The motion here today is that Social networking sites can actually cause more harm than good. We do not however deny the fact that in today’s society, these social networking sites do bring benefits to our daily life and also in the ever growing business industry. For example, it helps us connect with our loved ones who are halfway round the globe, or even a marketing platform for business developers with its vast consumer reach. On the other hand, what we are affirming today is that despite it upsides, it can bring about MORE harm than good. It is an increasingly untenable fact, especially with the ease of access to the internet to virtually anyone, that these social media can have more negative effects than good. This is Veronica, she will be speaking about the negative effects that it will bring to our health and financial fraud. Secondly, Hema will elaborate further the effects on business risk and personal risk. Thirdly, Nazrul will touch on the topic of productivity and cyber-criminal activities. Last but not least, Joshua will briefly wrap up about this debate. This is a 5-round debate, and we look forward to challenging our opponent in this controversial topic. Social networking sites are websites that facilitate communication between 2 or more individuals. When we are communicating with 2 or more individuals, many fail to realise that we are essentially putting out information on ourselves out there on the World Wide Web. There are obviously a lot of privacy issues at hand when this happens. I’m certain that the opposition will argue that we have control of what we share over the internet, and we can prevent these issues from happening. Even if we are very careful on what information we share, we still cannot prevent all forms of privacy violation  from happening. An article on The Guardian UK states that Facebook users are unwittingly revealing intimate secrets – including their sexual orientation, drug use or political beliefs. A research shows that just by looking at a user’s â€Å"Like† activities, they can predict information about the user. Researchers are able to predict a user’s characteristics, race, religion, beliefs and political views with up to an accuracy rate of a shocking 88%. Even if we do put in controls, data on these sites are still accessible to anyone, especially those with expertise in the IT arena. A student from the University of Georgia is suing her university of $2 million dollar over the misuse of her Facebook picture. The University have pulled out a picture of her in a bikini from her social media account for a district-wide presentation campaign raising awareness on what not to do on social media. Incidentally, this student has set her privacy settings to only allow her friends to view her pictures. These examples here gives a fair indication of how our personal information can be accessed by almost anyone regardless of the measures that we took to protect our information. And if the opposition party would like to argue that it is the user’s decision NOT to put anything on the social sites, then I think that it would be considered as NOT USING these social media sites in any case, and as such, would be irrelevant to the topic of today. Another issue that I would like to address today is Cyber Bullying. Cyber bullying is a very serious problem because it’s very harmful to younger generation psychologically and also physically. Most bullies don’t think about what they say or do have an enormous effect on others. A very famous case sparked the attention of many people to realize that cyber bullying does have a very negative effect. The case of Amanda Todd shocked the world as she posted a video before committing suicide. In the black & white video, Amanda tells the world her story of years of bullying. I now would like to pass on to my fellow colleague who will go on to the second point. Cyber Bullying Amanda Todd http://www.abc4.com/content/news/top_stories/story/Girl-Commits-Suicide-After-Being-Cyber-Bullied/qIO2h9LBhUaCEB_3oQlbzg.cspx Jessica Laney http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/social-media-blamed-teen-suicide-article-1.1218550 Eden Wormer http://abcnews.go.com/US/bullied-teen-commits-suicide-posting-loves-haterz/story?id=15887174 http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/mar/11/facebook-users-reveal-intimate-secrets http://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/student-sues-school-district-for-using-her-facebook-bikini-picture-in-school-wide-presentation/ http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/selfies-damage-relationships-study-article-1.1424830 http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/internet-is-bad-for-kids-mental-health-237178.html In Wake Of Teen Suicides, Ask.fm Faces A â€Å"Myspace† Problem

Nelson Mandelas Inauguration Speech Analysis Essay Example

Nelson Mandelas Inauguration Speech Analysis Essay Example Nelson Mandelas Inauguration Speech Analysis Paper Nelson Mandelas Inauguration Speech Analysis Paper Inaugural Speech by Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandelas inauguration speech held major significance in many ways due mainly to the fact that before becoming the first black president of South Africa, he had spent decades fighting against apartheid and enduring 22 years of prison. This speech was presented in order to signify a new era and a new page in the history of South Africa. Every word and sentence was carefully chosen in order to serve a specific purpose and address different audiences both within South Africa and to the world. What is the purpose of Mandelas speech? The purpose of Mandelas speech was not simply to address the nation as their new president and give gratitude to those who put him there but instead to make a statement that South Africa was going to make immense changes and unify to show the world what the nation could truly do in order to become a land of hope, freedom, justice and equality for all. Throughout the speech, Mandela very carefully and specifically uses both ethos and pathos in order to draw out many different emotions and encourage the nation to feel unified and prepared to make the necessary changes to overcome and rectify the deeply rooted problems which South Africans faced for all too long. Mandela, being a well-known figure in South Africa long before becoming president, had a strong established credibility within the black community. Mandela was known for working and leading in the African National Congress (ANC) and enduring years in prison for his cause, therefore people had faith and respect for him and many looked at him almost as if he were family to them, thus gaining the nickname of grandfather to many. When addressing the nation, not only were people willing to listen intently, but they also truly believed he would follow through on his words and not make empty promises. His past actions helped prove him as a worthy candidate and instilled trust with in the black citizens of South Africa. It was important that Mandela also address the white citizens of South Africa carefully in order to unite them together instead of continuing the division. Outside of South Africa, many had also heard of his achievements and work and knowing so helped Mandela structure his speech to carefully address the needs of all audiences. Of all the audiences the speech was directed to, his fellow black South Africans were the first and foremost. Addressing the emotional needs of this group was highly important and Mandela spoke regarding what they needed to hear most: change for the better and unity. He brought up feelings of anger in remembering the past mistreatment because along with anger comes a strong motivation for change and a call to action. He spoke of specific and achievable goals, which brought forth a longing and eagerness of the community to achieve these goals. He spoke of obligation, both to themselves and to the world to make their nation just, strengthened and confident enough to sustain all hopes of a glorious life. All this we owe both to ourselves and to the people of the world who are so well represented here today. By saying this, Mandela made the people of South Africa feel an urgency and responsibility to act and prove themselves to the rest of the world and also made sure that citizens of the world who were watching South Africa would make sure they were held accountable to their word. He gave South Africans a sense of pride for putting up a fight and not giving up their dreams of change, for being able to put up with so much and still come out strong and optimistic for a brighter future instead of resentful and eager for revenge. The time for the healing of the wounds has come, the moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come Mandela was also able to make an immediate call to action and a necessity to act as quickly as possible. One of the most important emotions that Mandela successfully created within the people through his speech though was the feeling of hope; hope for a better future, a unified nation, better opportunities for both themselves and future generations and hope that all the changes were absolutely possible as long as they joined together to work towards these goals. Another important audience Mandela was speaking to was the white South Africans. It was very important to address the needs of this particular group because they had been in power for decades and were feeling nervous anticipation about the immense changes in process. Mandela made sure to present his message very carefully in order to not bring up feelings of rebellion, resentment or retaliation. His goal was not to attack them and force them to pay for past actions, but instead to understand and join together in making changes for a better future for all citizens regardless of color. We shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world. He spoke carefully about the sufferings of the past so the whites could understand why change was so necessary. A feeling of guilt and shame in this group was important so they would be willing to make changes. There was also a sense of obligation within this audience to help prove to the world that they were willing to move forward and take a hand in helping to re-build South Africa. There was guilt in past actions, because regardless of the fact that Mandela did not point blame at anyone, the world had known about the problems and causes of the problems. The pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in a terrible conflict. Hope and optimism were emotions that Mandela hoped the audience would feel as his speech came to a close. By speaking of unity, justice, peace and freedom, he wanted the white community to join together into a multi-cultural nation that would from now on work collaboratively towards common goals in the best interests of all. One of the other groups of people Mandela was addressing in his speech were the citizens of the world. There were messages he wanted to share and feelings he wanted to bring forward within this community as well. For years, the world watched as South Africa tore itself apart in conflict, violate human rights and refuse to make changes and steps towards a new direction. It was vital that Mandela show the world how ready they really were now to make these changes. The world was to be both an audience and a judge that South Africans would prove themselves to. By sharing the changes and goals that South Africa hoped to achieve, a sense of obligation and a necessity to show the world what they could do would emerge. He shared feelings of sadness with the world when speaking of the past and a willingness to help South Africa to achieve their goals because these goals were to be achieved not only as a nation but also as citizens of humanity and the world. We thank all our distinguished international guests for having come to. A common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity. There was also a feeling of pride within this community when Mandela addressed the gratitude he felt towards the heroes and heroines for helping in the fight towards change. By bringing up this sense of pride, Mandela knew it would also bring a sense of obligation to continue doing the right thing and continue to help South Africa along on its road to peace. With a wealth of experience, knowledge and leadership, Mandela knew very clearly how important a speech like this would be to summon up the right emotions and states of mind for citizens in South Africa and the world. Every word, sentence and paragraph addressed different issues, brought up various emotions and helped to give a feeling of unity and a longing for change. By effectively combining his use of ethos and pathos, Mandela was able to address numerous audiences within one speech and send forth a common message to all.

Washington Irving Essays - The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, Free Essays

Washington Irving Essays - The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, Free Essays Washington Irving Washington Irving was the first native American to succeed as a professional writer. He remains important as a pioneer in American humor and the development of the short story. Irving was greatly admired and imitated in the 19th century. Toward the end of his career, his reputation declined due to the sentimentality and excessive gentility of much of his work ("Irving" 479). Washington Irving's time spent in the Hudson Valley and abroad contributed to his writing of The Devil and Tom Walker, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, and Rip Van Winkle. Irving was born in New York City on April 3, 1783, the youngest of eleven children in a merchant family. Unlike his brothers, Irving did not attend nearby Columbia College, instead he was apprenticed in 1801 to a lawyer. In 1806, he passed the bar examination, but remained financially dependent on his family until the publication of The Sketch Book. In the meantime, Irving did odd jobs for the family as agent and lobbyist. It seems like he worked as little as possible, and for years pursued an amateur or semiprofessional interest in literature ("Irving" 479). In his free time, he read avidly and wandered when he could in the misty, rolling Hudson River valley, an area steeped in local folklore and legend that would serve as an inspiration for his later writings. ("Washington Irving" DISC) At nineteen, Mr. Irving began writing satirical letters under the pseudonym "Jonathan Oldstyle." He wrote to a newspaper owned by his brother Peter, named the New York Morning Chronicle. His first book, Salmagundi, was a collaboration with another brother, William and their friend James Kirke Paulding. This book satirized early New York theater and poked fun at the political, social, and cultural life of the city. Washington Irving's second book, A History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, is narrated by the fictitious Diedrich Knickerbocker. This book is a comical, deliberately inaccurate account of New York's Dutch colonization ("Washington Irving" DISC). Knickerbocker History and the almost thirty parts of Irving's next critically acclaimed book, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., show that his roots in New York and travels abroad gave him the basis for these works. The lively story of "The Devil and Tom Walker" is the story of Tom Walker, his termagant wife, and their separate confrontations with the devil. The New England folk tale is told with very little addition says Sara Rodes: Irving could have heard this tale in New York as well as in new England, for the general picture of the sharp "Yankee" represented by Tom Walker fitted well into the New Yorkers' idea of the new England character. Irving also uses the folk tradition as a base for his own imaginings rather than keeping close to the folk versions for the whole story. However, he always keeps much of the true folk spirit in his stories no matter how much he may add and romanticize. He often eliminates the roughness of the folk version but his folk lore is authentic and his use of it legitimate. (248) In this folk tale we see again that Mr. Irving has used his background to basically retell a story that he might have heard as a child. Also in, "The Devil and Tom Walker," which, despite its wildly improbable plot, foreshadows the best of Hawthornes's fictional exposure of Yankee shrewdness and Puritan hypocrisy (Ferguson 391). The Sketch Book, also contains the classic tale of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." This is the story of Ichabod Crane, which is from Hebrew meaning "inglorious," or literally, "without honor" (Bone 4). Ichabod's encounter with the Headless Horseman is the dramatic climax of the story. In the folktale of German origin Irving has once again transplanted the story to take places in the Hudson Valley of New York and achieved something more than the routine tale of suspense or the bizarre anecdote ("Irving" 480). His descriptions of Sleepy Hollow and the people were so realistic and homey that old timers of the lower Hudson River claimed to have known Brom Bones himself (Rodes 248). ". . . Irving is thoroughly capable of creating pure fiction form