Parenting Article Comparison: ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’ and ‘Dads Army’ Essay

The following shall compare to articles about the ‘new age’ father. A ‘new age’ father is one that does most work looking after the child of the family. Dad’s Army is an article from a popular magazine written by Damon Syson that shows evidence of these ‘new age’ fathers and his view that all ‘new age’ fathers should † put down the papoose†. The other an article called ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’ by Elizabeth Grice from ‘The Daily Telegraph’, that tells us there is no such thing as the ‘new age’ father and tells us that there should be more of them. The essay shall find similarities and differences between the two articles considering several factors: layout, language, and any other relevant comparisons. Firstly we can consider the layout of both articles. The pictures in the article ‘Dads Army’ surround the main article and are of cheesy ‘new age’ fathers in which there are quite a few. This is completely different to what the article in the ‘Daily Telegraph’ that only has one that cracks a joke about fathering. Another difference includes varying spaces between lines, bigger spaces in the magazine article than the newspaper article. One of the main differences includes the narrative. ‘Dads Army’ is written in first person and has the views and opinions of the writer, a man. ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’ is written in the third person and less personal and direct and doesn’t refer as much to the writer, a woman’s opinions. The magazine article uses celebrities and young men to back up his opinions and evidence of ‘new age’ fathers like Jude Law and David Beckham. This is different to the newspaper article that refers to Prince Charles and unknown professionals to back up its point. ‘Dads Army’ uses much more easier vocabulary than ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’ in which the vocabulary is far more sophisticated. There is also one more difference within the structure and form of the articles. ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’ uses hyphens to create a perfect column where the magazine article doesn’t, a word is too big it leads on the next line. The two articles do not only contain differences, they do contain a number of similarities. The paragraph length varies in both articles however they do seem around the same length. Both articles have the use of italics, capital lettering, and rhetorical questioning. The language of the two articles are very different, ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’ puts down the average father almost telling us that the ‘new age’ father no longer exists and promotes the idea. This is different to ‘Dads Army’ that puts down the idea of ‘new age’ fathering, and tells fathers to act normally. This conflict of belief allows brutal language for ‘new age’ fathers and supportive to normal dads in ‘Dads Army’ and vice versa for ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’: â€Å"smug dads†¦ just put down the papoose and get over it† and â€Å"sick of†¦ acting like they’re the Neil Armstrong of nighfeeds† These words within these quotes â€Å"smug† and â€Å"Neil Armstrong† really put down these ‘new age’ men whereas the newspaper article really puts them up there and promotes them: â€Å"Many fathers who have wiped a lot of noses (in other words been a ‘new age’ father)†¦ will feel aggrieved to be told they are backsliders† This quote from ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’ really does give the feeling that being a ‘new age’ father is a good thing. ‘Dads Army’ promotes normal dads the same way the newspaper article promotes new age fathers: â€Å"It’s no walk in the park† This tells us that being a ‘new age’ father isn’t easy and it’s hard to live up to it, normal fathers just do as best as they can for their children, isn’t that good enough? ‘Putting Fathers in the Frame’ on the other hand puts down the ‘average’ father: â€Å"The slobs are back† and â€Å"appalling self-assessment†¦ for it seems his type spends less than five minutes.. with his child† So with both articles having different viewpoints and opinions we get different language for the two groups. The two articles content varies too. As the newspaper article is written by a woman, it is difficult for her to make a necessary judgement on the issue of ‘new age’ fatherhood, so relies on a number of statistics to back up her point, and uses the views of an expert Mr Parsons, executive director of Care for the Family, a family charity. This can be compared with the magazine article ‘Dads Army’ in which the main bulk of the article is in fact the writer’s view, and uses a regular father. Overall the two articles have very conflicting views of the so-called ‘new age’ father and so have very different true content. So the varying views conflict yet share the same topic- fatherhood.

America’s Global War on Terrorism Essay

At 8:46 am, on September 11, 2001, the world would take witness to an event that would change it forever. Five hijackers, with the support of a terrorist group named Al Qaeda, crashed a passenger jet into World Trade Center Tower 1, and seventeen minutes later a second passenger jet was crashed into World Trade Center Tower 2. Now, everyone can remember exactly where they were when they received the news of the attack, but, what most American’s didn’t realize is that these events would lead to the majority of the world into war. This was the first time that the United States would participate in a war against and idea, terrorism, and not a declaration of war against a country itself. In every war that the United States had been involved in, they had been faced against an enemy in the form of a country. Whether it was Spain, Mexico, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, or even against itself, the United States always had a target. These â€Å"targets† usually had a uniform; they were also in support of a dictator, king, or even a tyrant. But with the War on Terror, the United States and its allied NATO Nations were not taking actions against a country; they were taking actions against an ideology that had affected the entire planet. The route of this ideology can be traced back to one man, Osama bin Laden. Osama bin Laden, with the help of the United States, forced an invading Soviet Russia out of the country of Afghanistan in the 1980’s. Then, with the support of a radical Islamic state, and the formation of a radical group calling themself al-Qaeda, he declared war on the United States in 1996 (Lansford, Watson & Covarrubias, 2009). Bin Laden was quoted saying, â€Å"If the instigation for jihad against the Jews and the Americans†¦is considered a crime, then let history be a witness that I am a criminal (Lansford, Watson & Covarrubias, 2009).† With this foundation of hatred towards Western influence in the modern world, Osama bin Laden and his radical group al-Qaeda instigated a War against the world. The group al-Qaeda has taken responsibility of many terrorist attacks against the United States and its allied countries. From the World Trade Center attacks of 2001, to the Spain subway bombings of 2004, al-Qaeda has been at the center of these terrorist attacks. Unfortunately, unlike most wars declared against a country, al-Qaeda has roots in many countries. They’ve been linked to attacks in: Africa, Europe, North America; are believed to have ties to other terrorist cells like the Taliban, and the Revolutionary Armed Forced of Colombia; and are known to have cells based in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Lansford, Watson & Covarrubias, 2009). Former President George Bush described al-Qaeda as â€Å"a fringe form of Islamic extremism that has been rejected by Muslim scholars and the vast majority of Muslim clerics; a fringe movement that perverts the peaceful teachings of Islam (Holloway, 2008).† This declared War on Terror was against terrorist groups, like al-Qaeda , but many did believe that the Former President had a hidden agenda. With the attacks of September 11th, a new foreign policy known as, â€Å"Bush Doctrine,† was implemented by the Bush administration. The â€Å"Bush Doctrine,† which the Bush administration rarely ever called its new foreign policy was based around four ideas: to make no distinction between terrorist and the countries harboring them, take the fight to enemies overseas before they can attack the United States, confront threats before they become threats, and promote democracy instead of terrorist ideology (Holloway, 2008). At the beginning of the war, the American people being full of patriotism and wanting revenge for the 9/11 attacks were in 100% agreement with this policy, but as time passed and the years that this â€Å"war† has gone on, more and more are in less support and just want the United States military to be brought home. Towards the end of President Bush’s second term, he began to be under constant attack due to the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. He was accused of invading Iraq under false pretenses of: weapons of mass destruction, and a direct influence of 9/11 by Saddam Hussein’s regime (Holloway, 2008), a plateau that our current President, Barack Obama, used to his advantage during his initial campaign. Yet, even though Former President Bush was attacked and scrutinized about his policies, he stood by his initial belief that his â€Å"Global War on Terror† was against an ideology, and not a certain country. Whether or not the current 10-year war was actually waged against Osama Bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, Muammar al-Gaddafi, or any other tyrant is truly unknown, and if the September 9/11 attacks were hoaxed and just a coercion for the American people to be tricked into war, who knows. What can be known is this; the War on Terror is the first time that the United States has declared war on an idea, a way of life, and not against a country of its own, and because of this, the true length of this war has the ability to last forever. Holloway, D. (2008). 9/11 and the war on terror [electronic resource] / david holloway . Edinburg University Press. Lansford, T., Watson, R., & Covarrubias, J. (2009).America’s war on terror [electronic resource] / by tom lansford, robert p. watson and jack covarrubias. (2nd ed.). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Innovative Approaches to Managerial Development Research Paper - 1

Innovative Approaches to Managerial Development - Research Paper Example Such innovations are required more because of the growing competition in the world of business. When innovations are included as part of the managerial development in organizations, they become capable of producing new products, develop new processes and systems, that in turn enable the organizations to cope with the changing conditions of markets, introduction and use of new technologies, and competition. Innovations in organizational and managerial development are practical concerns of the managers of an organization, and thus several theories have also been developed to support the innovative approaches to managerial development (Lawson & Samson, 2001). While considering different approaches within an organization, leaders give confidence, look forward to and recompense innovation from every sphere within the organization that are beyond the only fields of research and development. In this way, organizational learning and knowledge may be associated with the products, processes, technologies and conventional competencies. Innovations in the recent times are not used by organizations as any means for inadequate resources for indecisive results. Rather, managements incorporate innovations in order to use them as means for generating new understanding and competitive advantage. â€Å"They recognize that business units producing profits today may not represent the best opportunities for business tomorrow. Mainstream factors and innovation are therefore managed integratively so that the two work in harmony† (Lawson & Samson, 2001). Organizations that are adaptive focus on innovations by maintaining open and dynamic network relationships, thereby making organizations capable of handling situations that not usual. In this way, networks and ideas are exchanged among different organizations through which cultural changes are promoted that assist in modification of such networks and organizational relationships that are

The Importance and Implication of Early Attachment to Childrens Social Essay

The Importance and Implication of Early Attachment to Childrens Social and Emotional Competence - Essay Example In particular, understanding of attachment’s internal working models can enhance understanding of the dynamics and processes of teaching and learning. When the teacher-student relationship is bolstered, the prospect of students for successful learning is enhanced (Bishop, 2008).   Proposals for practice are put forth. Primarily, the genius of John Bowlby (1988) was to assemble a range of philosophical perspectives and scientific disciplines to ponder on children’s growth from biological beings into advanced cultural and social beings. Due to this encouraging combination of ethology and psychology, evolutionary biology and theory, cognitive science and systems thinking, the interpersonal and personal, surfaced the notion of attachment (Howe et al., 1999), which in the view of contemporary scholars is more than just another model of children’s emotional and social development: ‘it is the theory that subsumes and integrates all others. It is a relationship-based theory of personality development and our psychosocial progress through life’ (Howe et al., 1999: 10). Because of this, according to George (1996), the nature and value of children’s intimate or personal relationships matter to a great extent, as do all the things that influence these relationships—the natural volatile character of children, relationship history of parents, the pressures created by the material and social environment. Obviously, the value of relationships will differ from family to family. Bishop (2008) elaborates that of specific concern to nurture school workers is the awareness that negative relationships disturb children’s capability of developing strong emotional and social understanding.

Identify Books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identify Books - Essay Example Baker, B. (2004). Anna's Book. Dutton Title: Anna's Book Author: Barbara Baker Illustrator: Catharine O'Neill Publisher: Dutton Publication Date: 2004 Appropriate Age of Grade Level: Ages 1-3 Possible Lesson Connection: This book is a good way to teach children the value of reading. Summary: Short but satisfying, this small story is about a toddler named Anna who just loves her new book: "Again," she says, as soon as Mommy has finished reading it. But after Mommy has read the whole book three times, she has to finish and do other things. Luckily, Anna has Teddy Bear to read her book to. "Again," says Teddy Bear Browne, A. (1989). Like Books. Knopf. Title: Like Books Author: Anthony Browne Illustrator: Anthony Browne Publisher: Knopf Publication Date:1989 Appropriate Age of Grade Level: Ages 2 and up Possible Lesson Connection: This books can be used in discussions about alphabets and nursery rhymes as well as in developing the creative skills of children through coloring. Summary: A young chimp winsomely embodies his favorite types of books: carrying a basket of books dressed as Little Red (fairy tales), sitting on letters made of books (alphabet books), reading aloud on a wall to a nervous Humpty Dumpty (nursery rhymes) and most memorably, only partially colored in (coloring books.) The pages are framed with appropriate whimsical motifs. Parr, T. (2005). Reading Makes You Feel Good. Little Brown Title: Reading Makes You Feel Good Author: Todd Parr Illustrator: Todd Parr Publisher: Little Brown Publication Date: 2005 Appropriate Age of Grade Level: Ages 1 to 4 Possible Lesson Connection: This book is suitable for discussions regarding the value and importance of reading. Summary: Parr brings his usual exuberantly positive attitude to this paean to... Summary: Parr brings his usual exuberantly positive attitude to this paean to reading. Reading makes you feel good because... you can learn how to make pizza, find your favorite animal at the zoo, or make someone feel better when they're sick (by reading Parr's The Feel Better Book of course.) Best of all, you can do it anywhere: in a bathtub, or a bookmobile, or even underwater, if you're an octopus! Summary: "Hello" and "Good-bye" seem like very ordinary words, but as this book shows, each can be meaningful in many different ways. As the text makes simple comments, small, colorful watercolor and colored pencil illustrations depict some of the many meanings of the words and the many different ways they can be said. Summary: An all-too-human mouse takes readers on hilarious adventures with numbers and letters in these captivating concept books. In Mouse Letters, he doggedly creates the entire alphabet out of sticks, despite misadventures with a collapsing K and a top-heavy T.

Employment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment and Society - Essay Example d). Alienation, lack of job security and emotions are the major factors which increases stress at workplace. Competition is really tough currently in the business world and both the managers and the workers are under tremendous pressure to meet the targets and the deadlines. Thus managers are forced to adopt aggression at workplace in order to derive maximum out of the employees which will increase the stress levels of both the employees and the managers. It is difficult for a manager to adopt democratic style of functioning always and the instructions from the top forced them to share some of the stress they are getting from the top to the workers as well and this may often happen in the form of aggression. Lack of job security is another cause for the increased stress at workplace. The current global recession has broken the backbones of many organizations and the employers forced to cut down the employees and their salaries. Insecurity in employment is always a worrying factor for the employees which may increase their stress level. The living standards are changing rapidly and it is difficult for the people to find their livelihood even with the help of a good job. Under such circumstances, insecurity of jobs always creates panic among the employees. Emotions are the third factor which may increase the job stress. For example, most of the people are struggling to find enough time for fulfilling their family and social commitments because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Many working people are often complaining that they are not getting enough time to spend with their family. Moreover, leisure time for enjoyment and relaxation are also less because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Thus the employees forced to work like machines at the workplace hiding or suppressing all their emotions which increases their stress level immensely. â€Å"Flexibility is about an employee and an employer making changes to when,

Non-Financial Rewards Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non-Financial Rewards - Dissertation Example Moreover, free pension entitlement or private medical care can also be considered as the non financial rewards. Research Question What is the impact of non-financial reward on employee satisfaction? Literature Review The non financial rewards are cost effective for the organizations. According to Armstrong (2010), non financial rewards focus on the reorganization, achievement, autonomy, influence, personal growth and responsibility needs of the employees (Armstrong, 2010, p. 47). There are two types of non financial rewards namely tangible non financial rewards and intangible non financial rewards. Intangible non financial rewards are referred as the relational rewards. Work life balance, quality of work life fall in the intangible non financial rewards category. On the other hand the tangible non financial rewards are referred as the non cash rewards. These non cash rewards support several recognition programmes. Low valued matters or objects like flowers and chocolates are consider ed as the tangible non financial rewards. Several vouchers and substantial value offers like holiday package are also considered as the tangible non financial rewards. ... This scheme helps an organization to increase performance outcomes. It can be seen that several global organizations implemented this specific recognition schemes in order to increase their business efficiency. Generally larger organizations use this recognition schemes as it is both time and cost effective. These recognitions can come in both non tangible and tangible forms. According to Perkins and White (2010), an effective employee recognition programme should be prevalent, visible, spontaneous, personal and memorable (Perkins and White, 2011, p.72). The organizations implement these recognition schemes in order to achieve several organizational objectives. It motivates the employees to provide effective work performance. It creates a positive organizational work environment. The organization can maintain their ethics and morale through these recognition schemes. Moreover, these recognition schemes encourage the employee loyalty and support several cultural changes. According to Lewis (2006), involvement policies, thank you prizes, communication strategies, imaginative job designs and effective performance appraisal are majorly considered as the non financial reward (Lewis, 2006, p.107). According to Armstrong (2007), achievement, influence, personal growth, recognition and responsibility are the key objectives of non financial rewards (Armstrong, 2007, p.69). Employee recognition programme is a key aspect in employee motivation process. It is important for the management of the organization to link it properly and strategically to the organizational objectives and goals. It will help to increase the motivation of employees and business output of the organization.

Women In Management (Interview, Biography and Case Study) Essay

Women In Management (Interview, Biography and Case Study) - Essay Example I had a previous experience in sales though. I belonged to the Information Technology CBU (Client Business Unit) and I did enjoy my job for sometime. This was until our manager began to press us for rising sales figures.† The organization where Jessica belongs is essentially a research oriented consultant firm. The function of such an organization is to engage a section of the work force in writing reports and hence the organization would publish them in regular intervals. Jessica has appeared in both in the print and visual media with her expansive knowledge in all subjects and not just pertaining to IT or health. She seems to have specialized in all of them. As she puts it in her words: â€Å" This is not the time to criticize the Jack of all trades, rather the time calls for a Master of all trades. Therefore all children needs to be encouraged to master themselves in all the fields as many areas as possible†. Perhaps that is what she wanted to incorporate in her personality. She reveals how, the decision of her career was influenced by the surprises offered by life and the challenges, which she had to overcome. When it comes to her family life, Jessica is equally frank and honest. She lives in a two-room apartment in California with her two daughters – Sarah is 12 years old and Nancy is 2 years younger than her. Jessica seems to have joined the organization just after Nancy’s birth. When asked about her husband, she humbly admits, â€Å"I am perhaps not intelligent enough to sustain a successful marriage.† She is but surely a successful mother. Divorced from her husband around 9 years back, she raises her two daughters single handedly. â€Å"There was a governess for the initial years, but I would like them to grow up independently. Besides, Sarah is growing up now and enjoys taking care of her younger sister. The kids are far more responsible and matured than their age†, says Jessica. So we

Academic performance of disabled students and their general education peers Essay Example for Free

Academic performance of disabled students and their general education peers Essay Calls for the evolution of the educational system to maintain an inclusive program for mentally, financially and physically disabled students have been supported by the arguments that inclusion will greatly benefit the academic and social performance of children with disabilities. This is true since academic learning is enhanced when a program expecting higher output and reinforcing higher standards exists for students. These opportunities allow them to work and study harder as it exposes them to what many believe are normal real-life standards. Friendly and Lero (1993) stress that a motivation to keep up and progress without outside assistance is a driving force of enhancing performance. They also note that the labels in homogeneous or ability groupings negatively affect student potential. Contrastingly, although the effects of the inclusive system of education are favorable for non-general students, Brackett (1994) stresses that the opposite might take effect for general education students. These children might experience boredom due to the considerations given to disabled students in terms of pace and activities. Special or disabled children may also experience frustration as they try to keep up with the normal learning pace in a heterogeneous mix of students. Despite these contentions, several studies also note the positive effects of inclusion to the academic performance of both general education children and special needs education students. Hines and Johnston (1997) reported that disabled students in an inclusive set up showed academic progress and performance and improved their behavior as well. Schattman and Benay (1992) attribute this to the wide exposure of the disabled children, in an inclusive set up, to creative teachers and the nature of the inclusion strategies to expose the children to social interactions with other students. The marks and learning abilities of disabled students on specific subjects were also positively affected by being in inclusive classroom situations (Barbetta et al, 1991). The effect of inclusion to regular classroom students has been extensively studied and Staub and Peck (1995) list the general outcomes of the exposure of this group to this new learning environment. It has been noted that regular class students, after being exposed to an inclusive situation, become more aware of existence of human diversity and have reduced fear of human differences. They have more social interactions which results in a keener awareness of self knowledge. In addition, they also learned to develop their personal principles at an early age and the increased frequency of social relationships allowed them to create more friends. Hollowood et al. (1994) also answers a thriving concern about the imbalance of time allotment for students by teachers when exposed to an inclusive environment. It has been observed that the presence of special needs students in a class does not interfere with the allocated time of teachers to regular class students. And although, interruptions have been observed in some cases, the downtime did not significantly alter the average instruction hours when compared to general education classes. Similarly, in a study of primary and secondary schools that adopted inclusion, Idol (2006) reports that in a four-year study of four elementary and secondary schools, most students are generally not affected by the presence of students with disabilities in their classes. Statistics on these schools show that the elementary students surveyed registered a 68% approval rating on student performance and the respective elementary and secondary students show a 36% and 24% rating that student performance in inclusive situations was higher. 32% and 34% of elementary and secondary students also agree that academic abilities remained constant. In the four elementary schools considered, only 6% of the educators responded that there were negative reactions brought out by the presence of disabled students in class, while the statistics in the secondary schools surveyed did not vary much at 8%. The teachers also reported that a larger chunk ( 50% ) of the students increased or retained their statewide test scores. Requirements for an effective strategy Dugan et al. (1995) reviewed several studies which have been published regarding the methods and strategies used in inclusive education. According to this paper, improved academic performance is assured (Kamps et al. , 1992; Madden and Slavin, 1983; Noonan Hemphill, 1984; Shores et al. , 1993; Stainback et al. , 1981) if the program consists of a 1. method to encourage and guide interaction among students with disabilities and their peers; 2. scheme where teachers employ adaptive measures of instruction for students with disabilities; 3. program of study that enjoins both disabled and normal children to equally participate in activities; and 4. training to improve the social interactions and abilities of a child that prepares him for the real world environment. One aspect of inclusive education that employed cooperative learning groups is also effective in enhancing the performance of students. Johnson et al (1990) notes that cooperative learning results in improved academic performance of children from different cognitive levels to be in a heterogeneous educational environment that promotes the mediation of groups for maximal learning. Inclusive education programs and strategies like the cross-age tutoring also resulted in improved performance of both students with and without disabilities (Barbetta et al. , 1991) and increased the reading and comprehension abilities of both normal children and children with autism (Kamps et al., 1994). Kamps et al (1994) also note that because of the drastic improvement in the confidence of the children in a cooperative learning set up, the time for interactions and social activities between children with autism and their peers also increased and adds to their improved learning abilities. According to Dugan et al (1995) cooperative learning groups improved student interaction through increased frequency of social activities. The effectivity of student learning also increased due to tutoring events and research activities. Hawkins et al (2001) explained that early social interactions between children create a deeper bond that acts as a defense for behavioral problems and, thus, strengthens the relationships of students. Strategies for improved academic performance Academic performance in an inclusive set up uses contemporary schemes in order to teach the lessons to students. Learning is boosted through techniques such as teams games tournaments or TGT, which allows the teacher to teach the lessons to students through games. The teams cooperate and learn from other group members by peer tutoring in order to increase their chances of winning in the tournaments. Another scheme called student teams and academic divisions or STAD allows individual members of a team to score points by adding their individual written scores, like in a quiz for example, to the total accumulated team points (Slavin, 1990). Another inclusion strategy that shows very promising results in increasing the academic fervor of children involves the use of class wide peer tutoring (CWPT). In a study of the performance of heterogeneously grouped children under the subject of reading and reading comprehension, CWPT was observed to increase the ability of students to read and pronounce words accurately and answer reading comprehension questions correctly. The technique was also found to improve the cognitive skills of elementary students with autism. It was also a tool for social interaction and learning with their classmates and showed better reading proficiencies for most students because of the relative ease in adapting this program to a normal classroom set up (Kamps et al.,1994). CWPT can also be incorporated in a team games tournament (TGT) scheme and are collectively referred to as class wide student tutoring teams (CSTT). This method employs tutoring and tests individual learning progress by competitions where individual scores comprise team scores. Reading can also be taught to elementary students through a cooperative integrated reading and composition technique or CIRC. In this strategy, students are paired and are allowed to read stories to each other while practicing and honing their reading abilities (Jenkins et al., 1991). Johnson et al (1984) reports that role playing is also a learning strategy to be employed, this technique, called circles of learning, employs group dynamics and allows students to complete assigned tasks and evaluate their performance through worksheets. In addition, the competitive atmosphere is reduced because of the nature of the activity. These techniques have been shown to improve the academic performance of a heterogeneous mix of students with different baseline aptitudes. The case of employing inclusion to disabled children and high-level students with autism can also be employed to children who are sickly, obese or those with high risks of cardiovascular diseases. Van Sluijs et al. (2007) have observed that the method of inclusion to obese adolescents shows strong evidence of improvement and increased physical activity. The effective strategies employed actively involve the school, the community and the student’s family in order to improve the physical disposition of the individuals in the study. Studies show that a key factor in the improvement of students in inclusive setups is the competency of educators handling the classes. However, every teacher has his own techniques, experiences and teaching strategies that he has developed over time. This difference in experience is especially large between teachers who handle exclusively special classes for disabled students and those who handle general education. Thus, in an inclusive setting, in order to expand the exposure of students to different teachers, collaborative teaching has been developed as a strategy for effective learning. This method is a big deviation from the previous pull-out system for partial inclusive settings. In co-teaching, both teachers complement and co-teach both disabled students and their peers (Gerber and Popp, 2000). Rea et al (2002), in a study on the teaching practices of Enterprise Middle School which handles grade school students at levels 6 to 8, show that co-teaching is an effective strategy for educating students. This mechanism involves daily class rotations with different teachers. Co-teaching also requires careful and synchronized planning on the part of the educators. Teachers actively and regularly discuss their activities and lessons and share methods of evaluating the progress of students. This way, different instructional objectives are met although by different individuals. This is necessary to coordinate and pace teachers in their work and lessons with their students as well as to share information on student development. Different schemes characterize the co-teaching method. Rea et al (2002) note that interactive teaching or taking turns observing and lecturing may be employed. The class may also be divided for parallel sessions or one teacher may be assigned for catch-up classes for some students. Nonetheless, any form taken by the co-teaching scheme aims to provide for the needs of the children, supplied variation in teaching techniques, and was seen as a healthy environment for student growth and learning. Many researchers have expressed support to the principle of including disabled students in general education practice. Among them, Villa et al. (1996) have observed that educators preferred teaching disabled students along with their non-disabled peers. This factor may have contributed to the increased academic progress of students within the inclusive education set up. On the other hand, Thousand and Villa (2000) stressed that teachers are not the only major contributing factor to student progress. In fact, they highlight the observation that inter-student relationships while in the confines of the classroom play a big role during learning, emotional and social development. As the needs of the children in an inclusive set up are congruent to the skill that must be possessed by the educators handling the classes, teacher training (Porter, 2001) is an essential part of the process that makes an inclusive set up work. Daniel and King (1997) refer to this skill as training for inclusionary practices and is a characteristic of teachers that must be developed in order to function effectively in an educational system following heterogeneous groupings. It should, therefore, be apparent that these special skills allow educators to adapt to the wide needs of different types of students and allow them to be creative in forming strategies for an efficient and effective learning experience for both disabled students and their peers. However, the great demands of the inclusive educational practice oftentimes result in work pressure among teaching personnel. For example, studies on all elementary physical education instructors from Israel show that the episodes of burnout in faculty members are related to the number of special or disabled students in their classes and the amount of assistance they get conducting these classes (Fejgin et al. , 2005). This relates the demanding work that is put in by the educators in order to make an inclusive program work. This study also stresses the chief role played by government support in the educational system, where episodes of teacher burnout are also dictated by poor quality of the workplace and inadequacy of the institution to provide sports facilities for the needs of the students, especially the disabled or special cases. Despite episodes of burnout, most teachers have expressed their support for inclusion as an appropriate program to teach disabled children (Idol, 2006) the statistics is expected to improve if more educational personnel were available to answer to the needs of all students. The necessity for improved and evolving programs that would answer the needs of students in inclusion also requires the involvement of many organizations, individuals and different types of educators, resulting in interdisciplinary interactions to improve current conditions (Robertson and Valentine, 1998). This brings about an atmosphere of community and exposes the teaching skills of effective teachers and allows room for growth and improvement. Equally important to the instructors are the provision of adequate health care safety facilities for different types of students which should be provided by the government and their policy makers. It is consequently very crucial that an educational program should be backed-up by community and policy driven education reform for a successful advocacy. Porter (2001) expresses that there is a need for legislators who understand that an inclusive community school is a method of reform that should be supported. For cases of students with severe autism and retardation, however, further studies both on the effective procedures that should be employed and on the qualitative measures of investigating the effects of peer-mediated activities and cooperative learning also require continuous evaluation (Kamps et al. , 1994). Nonetheless, Kamps and Carta (1989) note that strategies are successful if these improve or maintain the skills of non disabled students without compromising the learning of their disabled peers.

Secondary education Essay Example for Free

Secondary education Essay I am the captain of our School Hockey Team. District Hockey Touranaments are to be organized in Jaipur next month. Several good teams will take part in it. Ours is a very good team. If we get a chance to take part, we may possibly win there. You are, therfore, requested to permit our Hockey Team to participate in the District Hockey Tournaments and make necessary arrange-ments for the same. Thanking you very much for your favour. Yours very obediently, Purshottam Jain Captain 24. 10. 2008 School Hockey Team (2) Write a letter to your mother for winter clothing as the winter is approaching. Boy’s Hostel, D. P. Inter College, Aligarh Dated : 28. 11. 2008. My dear Mother, I am sorry I could not write to you earlier because I was very busy with my half-yearly examination. Now I am free, the examination is over and thank God I have done very well in the examination. Im sure I will get a high rank in the half-yearly examination. There will be biting cold after a few days. Mother, you know that I do not have sufficient woollen clothes. I need a woollen sweater and a woollen coat. They will probably cost a thousand rupees. Please send me this money soon so that I may purchase these clothes from the exhibition next month. Kindly remember me to my brothers and sisters. Your dearest son, Deepak (3) Write a letter to your maternal father asking him to send money to enable you to join an Excursion Party to Kashmir arranged by your college. Old Hostel, D. A. V. Inter College, Kanpur. December 5, 2008 Respected Nanaji, I received your kind letter yesterday. My joy knew no bounds to read about Mamajis marriage. I could not acknowledge it as I was busy in the annual sports of my college. Now I am free from the strain You have asked me my plan during the witner holidays. The students of my college are going on an excursion to Kashmir for a week. I am anxious to go with them as it will teach me a lot besides recration. I have a keen desire to enjoy the natural scenes and spacious lakes of Kashmir, the paradise of India. Ill get an opportunity to see the waterfalls, house-boats and fruit cultivation there. I have to deposit five hundred rupees for the travelling expenses by the 15th of this month. I shall need another five hundred rupees for my personal expenses. I request you, Nanaji, to send me this money in time to join the party. My best regards to Naniji and love to Teenu and Palak. Your loving son, Vishal (4) Write an application to the Principal of your college requesting him to give you a certificate regarding your conduct and character. To, The Principal, Saraswati Inter College, Varanasi. Sir, Respectfully I beg to say that my father has been transferred to Allahabad. As I have to join the D. A. V. Inter College, Allahabad, I need a certificate about my conduct and character. I may inform you that I joined your college in 2002. I have in- variably stood first in my class. Last year I passed the High School examination and my percentage of marks obtained was 72 per cent. I was a member of football eleven last year. I was the Captain of the football team for two years—2005 and 2006. I also won first prize in debate competition last year. Kindly issue me the certificate within four days as we are leaving for Allahabad on 25th July, 2007. Thanking you for the favour, Yours most obediently, Dated 20. 07. 2007 Varun Sarkar XIB. (5) Write a letter to your friend telling him about your daily life. F-105, Kamla Nagar Agra. March 25, 2008. My dear Rajeev, Thank you very much for your sweet letter. I was really expecting it everyday. My qualifying tests are over and my mind is free from strain. Now I am leading a routine life. I get up at 5 o’clock, go to bathroom, brush my teeth, wash my hands and feet. After that I go for a morning walk with a friend of mine, who lives next door to me. At about 7 a. m. , I come back and take tea with a light breakfast. I sit to study for about two hours. At nine I get up to take a bath. Then I take my food, collect my books, put on my clothes and go to school. I return from school at 4. 00 p. m. I take tea and some fruits. After half an hours rest, I go to school play ground for playing hockey. I come back home before sunset. I devote nearly two hours in doing my home-work and preparing my lessons for the following day as also revise my lessons. I finish this by 9. 30. Then I take my dinner with my parents. Sometimes I see T. V. programme. After that I go to bed. On Sundays I wash my clothes and help my mother in one or the other domestic work. My daily routine keeps me physically fit and mentally peaceful. I would advise you to follow a programme of your daily life to achieve pleasure and peace. Your dear friend, Babloo (6) Write a letter to your friend telling him about the television programme you like the most. Also write why you like it. Gaurav Cottage, City Road, Ajmer 12th March, 2008 My dear Sanjay, Received your letter and noted the contents. I am quite well here and hope the same for you. I am studying hard for my examinations and I am sure to do very well in it. In this letter, I am writing to you about the television programme I like the most. My favourite programme is T. V. S. Sa-Re-Ga-Ma. It is telecasted on every Monday at 8 p. m. on Zee Television. It is a programme that helps new singers to show their talent. As you know I am a good singer and singing is my hobby. So I like the programme very much. Convey my respect to your parents and love to Gunjan and Jolly. With best wishes, Yours sincerely, Harish (7) Write a letter to your friend telling him how you celebrated your birthday this year. Akashdeep, Subzi Mandi, Indore. 9th February, 2008. My dear Subhah, I have received no letter from you since 10th January. I invited you to my birthday party which was on 7th February, but neither you came nor sent any letter. Are you angry with me? I had invited all my friends and relatives on my birthday this time. It was arranged at my house. The front lawn was decorated with buntings, balloons, ribbons and multi-coloured bulbs. There was a decent music and dancing programme. Manoj and I sang a few film songs, which were appreciated by all. There were a lot of your favourite dishes. I really missed you very much on that day. Father arranged a Kawwali programme which was liked by all. The artists were delighted with a shower of rose flowers and currency notes. A lot of presents were presented to me. I was very happy to receive them. Convey my resepect to your Mummy and Papa and let me know the cause of your absence per return of post to lessen my worry. With best wishes, Yours truly, Vinod (8) Write a short letter to someone in hospital to cheer him or her up. Prakash Villa,  Sarojini Naidu Road, Bikaner 20th September, 2008. My dear Meena, I was shocked to know that you met with an accident and have been admitted in the hospital. All the girls of our class miss you and pray the Almighty for your speedy recovery. The annual function was held on 10th instant. The Principal awarded you a Medal for your standing first in the class in the Antyakshari Competition held early last month. I received the medal on your behalf and have kept it with my mother. How everybody clapped and cheered when your name was announced! May you recover soon and be with us with best wishes, Yours sincerely, Manju  (9) Write a short letter to a pen friend who lives in a foreign country telling him briefly about youself. F-6, Kabir Nagar, Ghaziabad (U. P. ) India. May 16, 2008 Dear Robert, Hi, My joy knew no bound when I received your letter through pen-friend mail. I am sure you would like to know about me and mine. I am seventeen, studying in XII standard. My optional subjects are Physics, Chemistry and Maths. Hindi and Engilsh are my compulsory subjects. My father is a doctor, child specialist of name and fame in the district. My hobbies are swimming and photography. In my next letter I shall send you some photographs of the members of my family. I have a loving mother, a younger brother and a sister. They both read in Delhi Public School in Class VIII and VI respectively. I shall feel happy to hear soon about you and your family members. With regards to your parents and love to young ones. With best wishes to you. Truly yours, Avinash Goyal (10) Write a letter to your sister advising her to lend a helping hand to ailing mother in household work. Anand Bhawan Chandpole Bazaar, Jaipur 14th August, 2008. My dear Rajni, Received fathers letter and was sorry to know that mother is ill. How is she now please write to me per return of post. I am worried about her very much. She is already weak, lean and thin. See that you yourself do the household work and let not mother share in it. I shall come next week to see her when my monthy tests are over. You are quite grown up now and realize your duty. You can sweep the house, prepare tea and breakfast. Ask Kakiji to come and cook food. You also help her. Please give medicines and milk etc. in time to mother. Convey my regards to Mother, Papa and Kakiji and love to Munmun. With best wishes and love to you. Affectionately yours, Anand (11) Write a letter to your father telilng him about your hostel life. Room No. 5, Hostel Mahendra Public School,  Jodhpur. 15th July, 2008. Respected father, I have not received any letter from you since I left home. It has caused me worry about your welfare. In this letter I am writing you about my hostel life to minimize your worry about me regarding my boarding and lodging. There are twenty-five students in our hostel. There are five rooms and five students live in each room. We have a stool, a table, an armed chair and an almirah for each hosteller. There is satisfactory arrangement of breakfast and meals in the hostel. We take milk and bread slices with butter in breakfast and rice, vegetable, dal and chapati in lunch and dinner. Two special diets are given each month. We play games in the evening. Our hostel provides facility in Tennis and Volleyball. Our warden is very gentle and kind. He keeps an eye on our studies, food and games. I am very happy here. Convey my regards to mother and love to Raju and Palak. With regards Yours loving son, Madhav (12) Write a letter to your uncle thanking him for sending you a gift on your birthday. Kaveri Puram, Nehru Nagar, Agra 24th July, 2008. Respected Uncle, Yesterday I celebrated my birthday with great pomp and show. Every member of the family was present in the party except you. We all missed you very much. I thank you very much for the nice gift of a pen set sent by you on my birthday. Auntie gave it to me and told me about your going to Kanpur or an important piece of work all of a sudden. The colour design and flow of the pen is wonderful. Everybody praised it. I also longed for such a pen set. I thank you once again Uncle, for such a nice and useful gift. Ill shortly come to you when I hear about your return from Kanpur to thank you in person. Your loving nephew, Sachin (13) Write a letter to your father to raise your monthly allowance. Old Hostel, Vidhya Bhawan, Jhansi. 7th September, 2008. Respected Father,  How happy was I when I received your loving letter late last week, in which you advised me to work hard and get a good division in Boards examination. I promise to follow your advice in letter and spirit. These days the prices of everything, edible or non-edible, are rising high and becoming dearer very frequently. The mess charges have been raised by the contractor. The milkman has also increased his rate and so are the fruitsellers donig. It has become very difficult for me to pull on with the monthly allowance you are sending me now. I cannot easily take milk and fruits which are very essential to keep fit and good health. So, I request you to very kindly increase my monthly allowance from rupees four hundred to five hundred. With regards to mother and love to Manju and Neeraj. Your loving son, Pawan (14) Write a letter to your friend Deepak to accompany you in a trip to Goa. 35/A-3, Namak Mandi, Raipur. November 28, 2008. Dear Deepak, How is it that you have not replied my previous letter of the 10th inst. It has developed my curiosity to know about you and yours. The old saying ‘No news is good news’ consoles me and I hope you are perfectly well and happy just as we are here. Here is a happy news for you my chum. Father is taking all of us to Goa during the X-mas holidays. It would double our gaiety if you are also with us. You are quite familiar to our family. Even then I assure of all ease and comforts in our company. I am sure you wont disappoint me. Please remember me to your parents and convey my regards to them. Yours sincerely, Dayal (15) You are Mukund, residing at 5, Civil Lines, Jabalpur. Write a letter to your father requesting him to permit you to go on a college tour to Nepal. 5, Civil Lines, Jabalpur. 22nd October, 2008 Dear father, I received your letter two days back and read the contents with untold pleasure. I am glad you are all well and miss me on all festivities every now and then. You will pat me on my back to know that I have secured 72 per cent marks in my first terminal test. My school is closing for a week on account of Dassehra. Father, this time, I dont intend to come home during the holidays. My college tour is scheduled for Nepal. We shall go under the guardianship of our class teacher and such opportunities are few and far between in life. May I, therefore, request you to permit me to go with my classmates for a change. Arrangements have already been made for our boarding and lodging there. We shall leave Jabalpur on 25. 10. 2008 and shall be back on 31. 10. 2008. I hope you will be pleased to permit me to join the tour and send me Rs. 250/- only. With lots of love. Yours affectionately, Mukund. (16) Write a letter to your younger sister sending her a present on her winning a gold medal in Hop-step-and-Jump in college sports. 129, Lucky Market, Bhopal. December 18, 2008 Dear Chhaya, Tell mother that I am well and have wished you the same. Now that you are in class IX, you can write to me with ease, from time to time, about your well-being and progress. While reading the sports news of our District, my eyes fell on your name. My curiosity arose and I read the news with care. How happy I was when I read of your winning a gold medal in Hop-step-and-Jump in the college sports. I am sending to you a copy of English-Hindi concise dictionary by M. L. Agarwal in this context. Useful as the dictionary is, youll certainly like it and feel proud of possessing a dictionary of this standard. Wishing you repeated such occasions in your life, Your loving brother, Sachin (17) Write a letter of thanks to your friend Ashok Saxena who has sent you congratulations on your success in the examination. 10/2, Manohar Marg, Dehradun. June 9, 2008Ã'Ž My dear Ashok, I am proud of having a friend like you, who has always been encouraging me for marvellous performances in life. I got your letter of the 2nd instant congratulating me on my success in the competitive (C. P. M. T. ) examination. To be very fair, the credit of my success goes to your time-to-time guidance and encouragement. Dear Ashok accept my sincere thanks for your congratulations and remember me to your brothers and sisters. With lots of respects to your parents. Yours sincerely, Anand (18) You are Vinod Khanna, residing at 35, Vivekanand Marg, Panchmarhi, M. P. Your father is out of station. Write a letter to him stating that your mother is ill and he should come back soon. 25, Vivekanand Marg, Panchmarhi April, 6, 2008. My dear father, Your leter of the 21st March, 2008 was received only yesterday. We were all very anxious to know about you. We are glad to learn that you are perfectly well there. My annual examination begins from 14. 04. 2008. I am, therefore, very busy with my books. Unluckily mother is suffering from viral fever these days. She is feeling lonely and uncared for. As a matter of fact she is missing you. I request you to come back home at your earliest convenience to console her. Kindly bring me some good story books if not inconvenient to you. Yours affectionately, Vikas (18) You are Joseph Anand studying in Class X D of Gorkhi Higher Secondary School, Lashkar, Gwalior. Write an application to your Principal for issue of books from the Book-Bank in your school. To, The Principal. Gorkhi Hr. Sec. School, Lashkar, Gwalior. Sir, Most respectfully I beg to submit that I am a student of XD of your school. My father works as a time-keeper in a local factory. He gets a salary of Rs. 800/- per month only as is evident from his employers certificate attached herewith. He is thus unable to buy me all necessary books. I, therefore, request you to issue me some books from the school Book-bank. I promise to keep them with great care and return the same after my annual examination. Thanking you ever so much. Yours obediently, Dated 25th July, 2008 Joseph Anand XD. (19) You are Abdul Majid, a student of class X, Saraswati Higher Secondary School, Morena. Write an application to your principal for re-admission. To, The Principal, Saraswati Hr. Sec. School, Morena Respected Sir, I beg to say that I am a student of Class X of your school. My name is Abdul Majid. My father works in Gwalior Cotton Mill, Gwalior. He did not get his salary on due date as the workers were on strike. Hence I failed to deposit my school fees in time. And as such my name has been struck off. Now I am ready to deposit my old dues. Kindly permit me for re-admission and oblige. Hoping to be obliged. Your most obediently, Dated 05. 12. 2008. Abdul Majid. (20) Write an application to the Secretary, Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal requesting him to issue you a duplicate copy of your mark-sheet. Give full details of your original mark-sheet. To, The Secretary. Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal. Respected Sir, I am very sorry to inform you that I have lost my mark sheet during my railway journey in which someone stole my attache. I need it very badly for my admission in B. Sc. Part I. I will fail to secure my admission in case I fail to submit the mark-sheet of the Intermediate Exam. by the 25th of this month. As such I very humbly request your goodself for an early compliance. The relevant details are given below— Name — Manoj Kumar Goel Fathers Name — Shri Yogendra Kumar Goel Year of Exam. — 2006 Roll No. — 81630 Name of Centre — Govt. Hr. Sec. School, Bilaspur Postal orders for Rs. 25/- are enclosed herewith. Thanking you for the favour. Yours faithfully, Encl. : Postal orders Manoj Kumar Goel Dated : June 6, 2008 10/18, Civil Lines, Bilaspur. (21) Write an application to the Principal, Scindhia School, Gwalior, requesting him to grant permission for a friendly hockey match. To, The Principal, Scindhia School, Gwalior. Sir, We, the players of the hockey team of this school, beg to say that we desire to play a friendly match against the hockey team of Gorkhi Higher Secondary School, Lashkar on Wednesday, November 24, 2008. The match will begin at 3. 30 p. m. sharp on our playground. You are requested to grant your permission for the same and oblige. We would further request you to ask our Games Superintendent to make necessary arrangement for the match. Thanking you for the favour. Yours obediently, Raj Mohan Kalra Dated 22-11-2008 Captain, Hockey Team. (22) Write an application to your Principal requesting for refund of your caution money. To The Principal, Holy Public Hr. Sec. School, Ujjain Respected Madam, Respectfully I beg to state that this year I have passed the High School Examination from this school. It will not be possible for me to continue my study here, since my father has been transferred to Indore. May I, therefore, request you to very kindly instruct your office to refund my caution money amounting to Rs. 100/- and oblige. Thanking you in advance, I am, Yours obediently, July 4, 2008 Shalini Yadav (23) You have passed the S. S. C. Examination. You went to Delhi to get admission in a college there. Write a letter to your father apprising him how you got the admission and also about your stay in the hostel. Place Date My dear father, I understand that you are eagerly waiting for a letter from me. I am happy to inform you that I got admission to the college yesterday. There was no difficulty about the admission. The Principal and two profsessors interviewed me. They were very kind and understanding. I am admitted to the Science group. I joined the college hostel yesterday itself. The hostel is a very good one. I have another boy in my room. He is the son of a doctor in Allahabad. He is very friendly. I dont need any more money. Please tell mother that I shall look after myself very well. Yours affectionately, Signature .. Name . (24) Write a letter to your friend, describing your experience in the Exam. Hall. Place Date Dear Arjun, At last my examination is over. I am awfully tired and I really need a holiday. Before I go for a holiday, let me tell you some of my experiences in the examination hall. I felt very nervous on the first day, when I was waiting outside with the other students for the doors to open. Most of them were talking and laughing. I felt so anxious that I could not speak to anyone. At last the doors were opened and we all crowded in and searched for our seats. We settled down in our places and waited anxiously for the papers. When I got the English question paper, I felt I could not answer a single question. However, when I read the questions more carefully, I learnt that I could answer most of the questions. I did not have much difficulty with Physics and Chemistry. But Mathematics was difficult. The supervisors were very strict and so there was no chance for any mal-practice. One boy was caught for copying and was expelled. Now that my examination is over, I am going for a holiday. I hope for a good result. Yours sincerely, Signature (25) Your father has just bought a new cycle for you. Write a letter to your cousin informing him about it and the first ride you had. Place .. Date My dear Shyam, You will be glad to know that my long felt desire of buying a bicycle has been fulfilled. How happy I was when my father bought it home in the evening! I could hardly wait anyone to see it. I snatched it from my father and found myself immediately on the roads. With a jump I was on it and felt like a bird in the air. It took me only a few minutes to have a round of Gandhi Square and to reach back home. I wish you were here to share my joys. Yours lovingly, Name (26) Write a letter to your friend writing about his faults and also about the good points of his character. Examination Hall,  Delhi. March 20, 2008 My dear Satish, I am in receipt of your letter dated March 14, 2008. I was surprised to read that you want me to give my free opinion about you. Ordinarily, I would think twice before speaking on such matters because few people like to hear the truth. In your case, however, I have no hesitation because I know you thoroughly well. You have certain quailities of head and heart. You are very intelligent indeed. In fact, a less intelligent person would never have asked others to bring out his virtues and defects. You have consistently improved upon your capacity to listen. Now you can be trusted with giving others a patient-hearing. You may at times lose patience under great provocation but certainly you are not liable to lose your nerves. Your ideas on friendship are no doubt high. You are worthy of being called a friend in need. Another point which goes in your favour is that you are very hard working. You are kind and generous by nature and cannot tolerate injustice being done to anybody. You are not liable to be led away by personal prejudices. You cannot, I am sure, be bribed. In fact, you have right qualities which a prospective candidate for I. A. S. should possess. In spite of this there is a great drawback in you which alone can mar all your qualities. You are very emotional and liable to be swayed away by pity. Sometimes this creates in you a sense of quality and you cannot decide matters forthwith. Remember you restless you were when you caught a pickpocket red-handed but were about to leave him after patiently hearing from him the misery with which his children would face in his absence. In similar cases your sympathies may be misplaced and you, in spite of yourself, fail to do justice. Well, you know everybody has some fault or the other in spite of his virtues. But it is only the wise who go in for heart-searching. That in itself is a great quality. I have given my free opinion about you. Write to me how do you feel after reading it ? How are your mother and father? Please convey my best regards to them. Yours sincerely, Surendra, (27) Write a letter to your father informing him of your success in winning a prize at a debate. 216, Chandni Chowk, Delhi. February 26, 2008 My dear father, You will be very glad to know that this years top prize for the best debator has come to me. It is a silver trophy beautifully cast and the name of the school is engraved on it. The debate was on ‘Inter-school’ level. Three other boys from different schools took part in it. The topic of discussion was ‘Whether Municipalisation of Secondary School Education would be Beneficial. ’ All the three boys spoke in favour of it. They said that municipali-sation of secondary education was the only way to bring about reforms in the system of education. According to them, it was proper to pass over secondary education to Municipal authorities to enable them to correlate the primary and secondary education. This would, they argued, channelise education from primary stage to higher secondary stage in one  single stream which will make for uniform progress. Their argument convinced many. My teachers felt restless when I stood up to speak. I started with a feeble voice but soon it became forceful. I smashed their arguments by saying whether my friends, in order to channelise education in one stream, would like to municipalise college education as well ? My arguments went home and the audience seemed convinced. I was highly applauded. My rivals were silent and I was declared the winner. I was later told by my teacher that the manner of my speech was forceful as were my arguments. The boys and teachers of my school were very happy because I had brought honour to them. The function ended happily. How is mother ? I wish you were here these fine days. Love to Kuckoo. Yours affectionately, Rishi (28) Write a letter to your old teacher, giving impressions of your new school and teachers. Moti Ganj, Hathras. July, 24, 2008. Respected Sahniji, I reached my new place of study on Saturday last. Today is Tuesday. Within three days I have learnt a lot about school boys and teachers here, and I am writting this letter to give young a gist of my experience. Ordinarily it would be difficult to form an opinion about others within such a short time. But the saying that coming events cast their shadows before time is correct, I think I will never have to change my opinion. The moment I reached my school and sent word to the Principal, boys came rushing to receive me. They seemed happy to find a new addition in the rolls of the school. Many of them put different questions in a single breath asking my name, class, name of the previous school and my parents. They took me by the arm and conducted me to the Principals room. The Principal offered me a seat. I gave him the letter of recommendation from you. He praised you very much and assured me that a teacher of your standing would never write a letter of recommendation in undeserving cases. Therefore, he said, I was welcome to the school. He then introduced me to my class teacher. He gave me a test. The manner of his asking questions from me was so sweet that replying to him was a matter of joy for me. His treatment showed that I was not at all a stranger to him. I have been granted admission to Xth class and I have started my studies in the right earnest from the beginning. Though I feel quite comfortable here, yet I miss you very much. I hope to see you during the Dussehra holidays to relate more experiences. Meanwhile I remain, Sir, Yours obediently, Rohit Moni (29) Suppose you are a foreigner touring India. Write a letter home to some member of your family giving him or her your impressions of the country. Tip Top Hotel, Generalganj, Kanpur. December 24, 2008 My dear Alice, I hope you have received my previous letter by now. During these days, I have been visiting one place after another. In my last letter I told you that I was leaving Mumbai for Varanasi. I reached Varanasi early in the morning of Tuesday last. There beautiful ‘ghats’ or the banks of the Ganga are a scene of great activity for the Hindus in the morning. The river flows so charmingly at a distance from the big shrines. There is neither the swiftness nor the shapelessness of the rivers here as in England. I saw the Taj yesterday on a moonlight night. You will not believe me how enchanting the Taj is. It is all white marble and the layout of the gardens around it adds to its magnificence. In the morning today I flew to Bhakra Nangal. It is a very high dam and matchless in the history of Asia. It is a great feat of engineer-ing skill. Wherever I went I found the people busy in their work. At Varanasi, I saw a class of people called here ‘Brahmins’ who sit on the river banks and invoke blessings of gods and goddesses in favour of their visitors. Quite a number of them do not look like genuine priests. In this country people are very hospitable. This I found during my visit to Bhakra. The sturdy peasants of this region called the Punjab actually surrounded me and expressed their joy at meeting me by performing a dance called ‘Bhangra’. It is such a carefree exercise of the linbs that the like of which I have never seen in any other part of the world. The country, as a whole, has changed a lot. I saw progress in every field of activity. Many new industries have sprung up. I was told that India was now capable to participating in space race. There is still another point. Wherever I went, I found people desirous of peaceful progress. There is no effort at making false claims and creating mischief. It is really a socialist society which Indians were labouring hard to raise out of the ruins of the past. I feel my visit to this country has paid me well. I wish you were able to accompany me. Your loving brother, Manik Chand Jain  (30) Write a letter to your father telling him about your new friend. Describe what you have liked about him. Prakash Villa, Brahmnal, Varanasi. April 20, 2008. My dear father, I apologise I could not write to you earlier. It was not that I was busy in my studies. It was just for very interesting thing. Only a fortnight ago, a new boy named Mahendra Yadav joined our school in my class. He was given a seat beside me. At first sight I did not like him but his habits have endeared him to me and to many other boys so much that on the first Saturday we all went out for a picnic to a nearby village and passed our Saturday holiday on his initiative. Mahendra is almost of my age and complexion. He is very good at studies. Because he sits with me in the classroom, we have become fast friends. The most lovable thing in Mahendras character is his quality of leadership. He has not been here for more than a mere fortnight and he is already being tipped for leadership of our class. During this period he has organised on two occasions outings and managed the whole show single handedly. Few boys can compare with him. The teachers are also very impressed by him. You would be glad to know that I have already invited him to accompany me during the summer vacations. I am sure you would be glad to meet him. Please convey my respects to dear mother. Your loving son, Atul (31) Your friend is poor but good at studies. He is thinking of leaving the school. Write a letter advising him not to take this step and promising help to him. Raniwala Ghera Aligarh. September 18, 2008 My dear Raghubir, I am in receipt of your letter and beileve me, the contents of it shocked me.

advantages of presidential systems

advantages of presidential systems One of the advantages of a presidential system is that the head of state is usually elected through a direct mandate. In terms of democracy, this makes the presidents authority more legitimate as he is elected directly by the people as oppose to being appointed indirectly. Another advantage of a presidential system is the stability it brings as presidents are usually elected to fixed terms while a prime ministers government can fall at anytime. An example of this is in Canada; where in a minority government the leader of the opposition, Michael Ignatieff, could bring down Stephen Harpers government and has threatened to do so several times. This is in contrast to President Obamas tenure which is secure till the elections of 2012. Additionally, presidential system allow for the separation of powers as the legislature is a completely different structure and institution. This allows a system of checks and balances to be created, allowing one to monitor the other. Speed and decisiveness can be seen as a positive characteristic of a presidential system, as presidents usually have stronger constitutional powers allowing them to spearhead reform and enact change swiftly. Conversely, one advantage of a parliamentary system is that its faster and easier to pass legislation. This is because the executive branch is part of the legislative branch and is dependent upon the direct or indirect support of it as it usually comprised of members of the legislature. This can be seen in the Canadian system of government where the prime minister and his cabinet is also Member of Parliament. This segues into the advantage that parliamentary systems usually have a higher propensity for having unified governments, as minority governments are the minority. This adds to the governments ability to pass legislation more quickly, as it is rare for a majority government to have their own legislation defeated, as parliamentary system usually have greater party discipline. Moreover, the lack of a head of states veto power also allows legislation to pass more swiftly. Another advantage of a parliamentary system is that power is more evenly diverged. Constitutionally, the prime minister rarely has such high importance of a president. An example of this is how parliamentary systems allow MPs to directly question the prime minister and his government. Also, lower individual importance on the prime minster position can be seen through elections tendencies as there is a higher focus on political party ideas than on the actual person. Lastly, the advantage of the government technically being able to dissolve at any time allows the government to be more accountable and viable. This allows parliament to replace a government or a prime minister if he or she has been lackluster or detrimental to the country. This allows for practicable governments to continue governing while ineffective ones can be disposed of. Disadvantages to a presidential system include tendencies towards authoritarianism. Because of the overarching power given to one person, presidential systems could quickly transform into authoritarian regimes if circumstances permit. Also the centralization of authority could lead to the president becoming a more influential figure in society and the media. This high priority on the president could lower and undermine civic participation as people might feel they cannot play an active role in lawmaking or place a lower significance on the legislative branches of government relative to the executive. Furthermore, separation of powers is also seen as a disadvantage of the presidential system as it might create gridlock and stalemates within the government. One example of this could be if the President continues to veto bills that the legislature ratifies, impeding government from passing laws. This can be seen in 1995 when Democrat Bill Clinton was president with a Republican controll ed Congress. The government could not get consensus on anything, not even on a budget. Lastly, impediments to leadership change can be seen as another disadvantage as it can be more difficult to remove an unsuitable president from office before her term is concluded, creating a potential situation where an idol or unhelpful president could not be removed and be replaced a better alternative. On the other hand, disadvantages to a parliamentary system include that the head of government is usually not directly elected. This is because the prime minister is typically elected by the legislature or the party in power, which normally means the party leadership. In addition, another disadvantage in the parliamentary system is that there is no independent body to oppose and veto legislation approved by parliament, and thus a lack of a cohesive checks and balance system. Also, because of the shortage in the separation of powers, parliamentary systems could instill too much power in the executive. This is because MPs usually have to adhere to parliamentary discipline, and cannot vote based on their own judgments or constituencies. Furthermore, as elections in parliamentary systems usually result in a majority government, this could lead to the tyranny of the majority resulting in the minority parties to be marginalized as they would have little to no input in government legislatio n. Moreover, parliamentary systems can be seen as inherently unstable, if minority governments are elected and coalition governments are formed as the government can be brought down at any time. Opponents of the parliamentary system point to Japans recent instabilities and constant replacing of prime ministers as well as Weimar Germany as examples where unstable coalitions, belligerent minority parties, and constant threats of the government being voted down by opposition parties. Lastly, the parliamentary system lack of a definite election calendar can be mistreated to allow parties to gain political advantages. The governing party can schedule elections with relative freedom, and avoid elections when it is unpopular. Indeed, in a Canadian context, Prime Minister Stephen Harper defeated his own government because polls showed that he had the ability to win a majority at the time. This gives an unfair advantage to ruling parties who can stave off defeat or increase their mandate at the expense of the opposition parties. The influence of a presidential system on politics can be seen through the stronger role of the president i as well as the gridlock that can be experienced when passing legislation. This is opposed to the parliamentary system and how a prime minister usually has a smaller role in politics while parliament is typically quick in passing legislation and avoiding gridlock. First, the president usually becomes a national figure, which represents the government regardless of the effectiveness of legislation. As policies are harder to pinpoint compared to parliamentary systems, a president usually receives all criticism and blame on legislation passed, regardless if the party passed it or not. However in parliamentary systems, the governing party usually receives praise and criticism for legislation passed with not everything being placed upon the prime minister. This segues into the president is the head of state, and performing ceremonial roles as well as being the commander in chief of t he armed forces. He also plays an active role in the government by setting out a governments agenda especially if her party is also in control of the legislature. This differs from parliamentary system as there is a more visible separation of head of state and head of government. An example of this is the Queen in the UK who almost exclusively performs ceremonial roles. The Queen by convention does not veto any legislation passed by the government, as she does not have that legitimacy given through the electorate. This differs from the prime minister who is directly involved in the lawmaking organs of parliament. The president in a presidential system is almost like the center part of a venn-diagram as she possesses the ceremonial part of the head of state while playing active role in the government process like a prime minister. Another influence that a president has on parliament is his role in the checks in balance system. The United States government is must more used to gridloc k and stalemates between the levels of government and even between to the two houses as that is how the system is set up to me. This is in contrast where legislation is Canada can be passed rather rapidly especially if the party has a majority government. This presidential system influences the way representatives behave as they

Diomedes in Agamemnon :: essays research papers

Since Agamemnon refused to return the daughter of a priest of Apollo, Agamemnon agrees to release Helen only if Achilles gives him his prize of honor. This is when Achilles found it unfair and withdraws from the battle including all his soldiers. Achilles then asks the gods to grant him revenge. Agamemnon the had attacked because a dream had encouraged him to. Paris flees the battle with the help of a divinity and Menelaus rages on with his brother demanding the release of Helen. As the battle continues, Diomedes makes a heroic stand and kills many Trojans, bringing his Time', Kudos and Arete' up high. The term Time means the reputation among the prince/gods, Kudos is glory and Arete' excellence meaning, doing more than a man can do. It all started when Pamdaros had shot an arrow through Diomedes' shoulder, but Diomedes tells Sthenelos to pull out the arrow and he did. After this happened, Diomedes had prayed to thena asking her for help, here is where Diomedes is getting Kudos. Athena had decided to help Diomede just like she helped his father and she also heals him. Now not only did she heal him but she also gave Diomedes the power to see gods while he was in the battle only if he fights no other god but Aphrodite. Diomedes recieves Kudos when Aineias tells Pandaros that Diomedes may be a god. When Diomedes rejects Sthenelos advice to retreat, so instead he stands, he receives more Kudos. Diomedes now adds Time with the gods when he threw a pear at Pandarus with Athena’s help and kills him, when Aineias comes by to help his friend, Diomedes picks up a large stone and kills him by smashing the large stone on Aineias hip. More Time was added when he followed Aphrodite and then wounded her on her wrist and then shouted out to her "Away from the battle, you daughter of Zeus! Isn’t it enough that you beguile weak women? But is you will visit the battle field, I think after this is a battle will make shiver if you hear only echoes in the distance!" After this, Aphrodite tells Ares about Diomedes as she asked him for his horses to go home.

Ludwig Van Beethoven :: essays research papers

Education in general and in music Beethoven came from a musical family, and his early musical training was under his father's guidance. His father taught him piano and violin. His general education was not continued beyond the elementary school. He was practically illiterate in math. II. Self assertion As a youth of 19, in 1789, Beethoven took legal steps to have himself placed at the head of his family. He petitioned for half his father's salary to support his brothers. This act of self-assertion is an indication of his character. III. Studies with Haydn A. The first contact On one of Haydn's trips to London, he met the young Beethoven. Beethoven showed Haydn a cantata and he received Haydn's commendation. The Elector of Bonn paid for Beethoven's lessons and expences in to study with Haydn in Vienna. B. The studies Beethoven arrived in Vienna in 1792 and studied with Haydn for about one year. The arrangement proved to be a dissappointment to Beethoven. C. The relationship Outwardly in public the two were cordial, but there were troubles with the relationship--maybe professional jealousy caused the problems. D. Other teachers Beethoven turned to other teachers when Haydn went to London for the second time. He studied with Albrechtsberger, famous as a choir director at St. Stephens in Vienna and the best-known counterpoint teacher in Vienna. He then studied Salieri, famous in Mozart's biography. Salieri helped Beethoven in setting Italian words to music. IV. Establishment as pianist and composer His first task in Vienna was to establish himself as pianist and composer. He achieved both rapidly. A. Aristocracy He had worked for a court in Bonn so his first contacts were in aristocratic circles. He needed financial support from them. B. Public concerts Public concerts were not yet the way of life in Vienna, but Beethoven did begin a series of charity concerts. Later in 1800 he gave his first concert for his own benefit. C. Opus 1 His opus 1, Trios for Piano Violin and Cello, were designed to impress Viennese society. Each trio is in 4 movements. Beethoven created parity among the instruments in these trios. V. Brothers and Nephew A. Fighting with brothers All three brothers lived in Vienna and they often "came to blows" in the street. B. Fighting for nephew After his brother Carl died in 1815 Beethoven felt responsible for his nephew Karl.

The Factors Affecting The Working Capital Requirements Accounting Essay

Why does budgeting so of import for an organisation. It is a planning and commanding agencies for an administration. This tool works successfully merely when it is implemented with due concern. The budget is non merely a cost supervising method but besides an built-in portion in footings of planning and control parts of an administration. It ever aims to accomplish organisational ends and besides motivates the human resources concerned. The manner of assemblage required information and so choosing an appropriate budgetary system is indispensable for the success of budgetary system. The effectual budgetary attack is one that a state of affairs where the single aims & A ; ends match the organisational aims & A ; ends. It is called end congruity. To guarantee end congruity it is a requirement to guarantee monolithic engagement of supervisory degree in the direction procedure. There are different types of budgets to get by with different patterns. An organisation may utilize a conventional budgetary system and may sometime demand to exchange over to another budgetary system to run into its demands. It is non a simple undertaking to ask for alteration in a budget system. An organisation has to confront certain complexnesss in the signifier of hindrances to alter by the employee of the organisation, alterations necessary in the current support system due to alter in its budgetary system. The degree of truth in gauging the grosss & A ; costs in the budget period is vastly of import for a successful budget. There are a figure of statistical techniques which may be suited in calculating the hereafter figures to be accommodated in budgets. The rule of budgeting is to give direction an thought of how a company is run intoing their ends, whether or non the disbursals are in line with budgeted degrees, and how good controls are working. Appropriately used, budgeting can and should increase incomes, cut down unneeded outgo, and obviously defines how instant stairss can be taken to do bigger markets ( Thomsett, 1988, p. 5 ) . In order to achieve this, direction demands to build a budgeting system, the major aims of which are to ( Viscione, 1984, p. 42 ) : Set acceptable marks for grosss and disbursals. Increase the chance that marks will be reached. Provide clip and chance to explicate and measure options should obstacles arise. As budgeting procedure is really intricate, it comes as no amazement that budgets are seeking to carry through several maps such as ( Harper, 1995, p. 321, and Churchill, 1984, p. 162 ) : Planning, Controlling, Co-ordinating, Instructing, Authorizing, Motivating, Performance measurement, Decision Making, Delegating, Educating, Better Management of Subordinates etc. In the horizon of this study I would wish to discourse two different attacks of budgeting i.e. ( I ) Traditional Budgeting & A ; ( two ) Rolling Budgets & A ; prognosissTraditional Budgeting:In the traditional attack to budgeting and budgeting controls the system of developing a program against the factors which may act upon the budget of the following twelvemonth. There are so many organisations that use traditional budgeting, which give them an thought to calculate for the coming twelvemonth and do non necessitate altering durinthe budget cyclele. Companies treat traditional budgeting suited with simpler coordination of budget premises for different divisions. However with the transition of clip and alterations go oning in the concern, companies raise complain that the traditional budgeting is non accommodating with their demands. The major unfavorable judgment on traditional budgeting is due to: Unsuitable step they are either really simple or really complex Not flexible with altering concern state of affairss The budget is falsely timed either excessively short or excessively long It is considered really political Rolling Budgets and prognosiss: A rolling/continuous budget is such a program that is continually updated & A ; the clip frame remains changeless while the existent period covered by the budget adjusted. Practically, as each month base on ballss, the one twelvemonth uninterrupted budget is expanded by one month, so there is ever a annual budget in topographic point. In the peal budget, directors have to re-think the procedure and do alterations each month. The result of this is normally a more right, up-to-date budget suiting the most recent information ( Horngren, Foster, Datar, 2000, p. 182 ) . This approach- Encourages directors to believe & amp ; re-think sing planning as an on-going procedure, it is non a inactive event. An chance to give more â€Å" existent clip † response to rapidly altering concern state of affairs. In theory, the annually planning procedure is eradicated ; the projection for following twelvemonth is the first peal anticipation. Planing is non stated by the calendar, but can be generated by important events and alterations. As rolled budgets are equipped with the close experience by taking into consideration the current period, they are rationalized with the recent alterations. Rolling budgets are continually updated with the current events, this facilitates in minimising the running discrepancies. Rolling budgets are the most appropriate signifier of budget for organisations which are working in a tentative ambiance, where future events can non be predicted faithfully. Based on the treatment stated above it would be easy to urge the most suited budgetary attack under the undermentioned two scenarios. Scenario-1: One of the concerns operates in a really stable and inactive market topographic point, where there is small alteration in either merchandises or demand twelvemonth on twelvemonth. In this scenario we can easy foretell about future concern state of affairs. Upon historical record we can integrate necessary alterations in the budgetary procedure. As the market scenario does non alter often there is no necessity to integrate rapid alterations in the budgetary system. As per above premise we can rede the organisation to follow the traditional attack to budgeting & A ; budgetary control. Scenario-2: One of the concerns operates in a really dynamic, quickly altering, advanced environment, where there is rapid alteration in either merchandises or demand twelvemonth on twelvemonth. In this scenario we can non easy predict about future concern state of affairs. Upon historical record we can non integrate necessary alterations in the budgetary procedure. As the market scenario changes often there is a necessity to integrate rapid alterations in the budgetary system. To make so, the directors of the organisation need to believe & amp ; re-think sing planning as an on-going procedure & A ; besides need to react rapidly as alterations concern state of affairs. So, the annually planning procedure is eradicated. The projection for the following twelvemonth is the first peal anticipation. Rolling budgets and prognosiss need to be furnished every month or every one-fourth, alternatively of annually as before, which amplified work and costs linked to budgeting. As per above premise we can rede the organisation to follow the peal budget & A ; prognosiss approach to budgeting & A ; budgetary control. Through the planning procedure under this attack is clip devouring, turn overing budget must be suited for such type of concerns.Decision:There are many unfavorable judgments have come from experts. Budgeting theory has been really effectual in analytical jobs and supplying equal solutions linked to budgeting systems. Sometimes, the results of budgeting analysis have been conflicting and ill-defined, but in general upper limit recommendations have been incorporated & amp ; verified in existent scenarios. What I personally have observed really few companies even today use a flexible budgetary system and do a clear difference between governable & amp ; non-controllable disbursal when measuring their executives or directors. It can be freely mentioned that traditional budgeting is still non dead or wholly disused as it is still has been used in the bulk companies all over the universe. Nevertheless, most of them are likely to recognize that precisely the same budgeting theoretical account can non be used in the twenty-first century. Business environment scenarios are no longer sane and budgeting systems must go more antiphonal to the exact demand of consumers & A ; demands arise from the competition. Answer to the Question no. 02 Here XYZ Limited is a medium sized fabrication company which industry & A ; sells its merchandises to different industrial clients who use its merchandises in their ain production line. The typical on the job capital of a fabrication company includes its hard currency, history receivables, three degree stocks as natural stuff, work-in-progress & A ; finished goods and history payables. Now I am advised to describe on how each portion of the on the job capital rhythm could be improved and how it will critically measure the deductions of the developments on XYZ and other dependant clients. To make so, I would wish to discourse all the specifics of working capital rhythms of a fabrication company. The on the job capital rhythm means how efficient a company is at change overing hard currency into merchandises and back into hard currency once more. We can state a company with a really efficient capital rhythm confirms the competitory advantage over a company with an abysmal on the job capital rhythm. To give a better image of working capital rhythm let us say a company has a immense hard currency capital and it spends the hard currency to buy natural stuffs. Then the finished nutrient has been sold. As we are populating in a recognition universe so we have non received hard currency immediately. So, monies can be delinquent to purchasers & A ; Sellerss as trade receivables & A ; trade payables severally. So the on the job capital rhythm requires uniting the period of the stock list or gross revenues degree every bit good as hard currency recovery from clients.Critical tools of working capital rhythm:Working Capital Cycle = INVDOH+ ARDOH – APDOH Here, INVDOH= Inventory Days on Hand= ( Inventory/COGS ) *365 ; This ratio measures how many yearss stock list of a company remains on manus. The lower figure of yearss stock list shows a company possesses strong gross revenues or the demand to increase stock list degrees. In contrary to this the higher figure of yearss stock list shows the company possesses a low gross revenues place. ARDOH= Account Receivables Days on Hand = ( Account Receivables/Credit Gross saless ) *365 ; This ratio measures the figure of yearss it takes to have payments from clients. The lower figure yearss receivables show a company is pull offing its receivables expeditiously. APDOH= Account Payables Days on Hand = ( Account Payables/COGS ) *365 ; This ratio measures the figure of yearss it takes to pay its providers or sellers. The figure of yearss to pay varies by organisation and by industry. Each and every company wants to hold suited payment footings to guarantee liquidness at an optimal degree but does non desire to incur delinquent measures and fees.The Factors Affecting the Working Capital Requirements of an Organization:1 ) Fictional character or nature of Business: The working capital demand is related to the nature and size of the concern. In organisations where the cost of natural stuffs will be used in the fabrication of a merchandise is immense in per centum of its entire cost of industry. In this context the working capital demands will be big. Contrary to this organisation holding immense investings in fixed plus need lesser sum of working capital. 2 ) Volume or Size of Business & A ; scope of Operationss: The demands of working capital of an organisation are straight influenced by the volume of its concern which may be shown in footings of a scope of operations. The greater the size of a concern concern, by and large higher will be the demands of working capital. 3 ) Policy of Production: A concern marked by articulating cyclicality in its sale may prosecute a production policy that may cut down the fluctuations in demands of working capital. For illustration an Air conditioner maker may keep stable production throughout the twelvemonth instead than beef uping the production activity at the clip of the extremum concern season. Such determination may cut down the fluctuations in the demands of working capital. 4 ) Manufacturing Procedure: In a fabrication concern, the working capital demands addition in proportion to the length of the fabrication procedure. The longer the procedure clip of fabrication, the larger is the demand of working capital. 5 ) Variations in Supply: In the seasonal industries the natural stuffs are non available throughout the twelvemonth. Those industries had to purchase natural stuffs in majority at the clip of choice season to do certain an uninterrupted flow and production procedure than during the full twelvemonth. 6 ) Credit Availability: If any house awarded recognition on flexible footings it will necessitate less working capital as it can ever pay to creditors subsequently and vice-versa 7 ) Inventory: In the concern like sugar industry, one requires to hive away a immense sum of natural stuffs and finished merchandises because of its sensualness. The concerns are non able to sell whole finished goods, and so more on the job capital to be required. 8 ) Working Capital Cycle: In a fabrication company, the working capital rhythm begins with the purchase of natural stuff and stops with the realisation of hard currency from the gross revenues returns. The working capital demands find how rapidly the on the job capital rhythm completes one rhythm i.e. , longer the period of the on the job capital rhythm greater is the demands of working capital. 9 ) Stock Turnover rate: The sum of working capital and the velocity with which gross revenues are performed is reciprocally related. A house holding a higher rate of stock list turnover will necessitate lower sums of working capital comparing to a house holding a lower rate of turnover. 10 ) Business growing rate: The demands of working capital of a company addition with the growing and development of its concern activities.How on the job capital rhythm affects an organisation:Now I will seek to do understand how on the job capital demand varies with alterations of different specifics of balance sheet & A ; income statements. Let us see the undermentioned information collected from three Old ages fiscal statements of XYZ Limited.Particulars2010 ( $ )%2011 ( $ )%2012 ( $ )%Current AssetAAAAAACash 795 3.1 585 2.6 427 2.0 A/R 7873 30.4 6693 30.0 7298 34.7 Inventory 10025 38.7 7982 35.7 6695 31.8Entire CA1869372.11526068.31442068.5Fixed AssetAAAAAALand & A ; Building 2660 10.3 2660 11.9 2660 12.6 Machinery & A ; Eqp. 3463 13.4 4135 18.5 4519 21.5 Gross FA 6123 23.6 6795 30.4 7179 34.1 Acc. Dep. 1508 5.8 2187 9.8 2786 13.2Net Fa461517.8460820.6439320.9Due from Military officers 37 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Intangible Assetss 2583 10.0 2470 11.1 2245 10.7Entire Assetss25928100.022338100.021058100.0AAAAAAACurrent LiabilitiessAAAAAASTL 9113 35.1 7142 32.0 4813 22.9 Current Part of LTD 690 2.7 1255 5.6 1137 5.4 A/P 4572 17.6 3784 16.9 4124 19.6 Accrued Expenses 465 1.8 421 1.9 481 2.3Entire CL1484057.21260256.41055550.1Long Term LiabilitiesAAAAAALong Term Debt 3258 12.6 3483 15.6 2840 13.5 Deferred Income Tax 305 1.2 0 0.0 283 1.3Entire Long Term Liabilities356313.7348315.6312314.8Stockholders ‘ EquityAAAAAACommon Stock 1890 7.3 1890 8.5 1890 9.0 Retained Net incomes 5635 21.7 4363 19.5 5490 26.1Entire Stockholders ‘ Equity752529.0625328.0738035.0AAAAAAAEntire liabilities & A ; Net Worth25928100.022338100.021058100.0AAAAAAAGross saless32388100.036993100.040960100.0Cog 23913 73.8 25565 69.1 25885 63.2 Depreciation 515 1.6 573 1.5 733 1.8Gross Net income796024.61085529.31434235.0Operating ExpensesAAAAAASG & A ; A 6830 21.1 9493 25.7 11360 27.7 Amortization 260 0.8 252 0.7 225 0.5 Traveling & A ; Other Expenses 425 1.3 0 0.0 0 0.0Entire Operating Expenses751523.2974526.31158528.3Net Operation Net income4451.411103.027576.7AAAAAAAInterest Expense 617 1.9 747 2.0 1002 2.4EBT-172-0.53631.017554.3Income Tax Expenses ( Credit ) -230 -0.7 -305 -0.8 322 0.8Net Income580.26681.814333.5AAAAAAADividend PaidAA1940A306AFrom the information mentioned above we can cipher the undermentioned ratios:Ratios2010 ( $ )2011 ( $ )2012 ( $ )Working Capital 3853.0 2658.0 3865.0EfficiencyAAAINVDOH 153.0 114.0 94.00 ARDOH 89.00 66.0 65.0 APDOH 70.00 87.00 54.00 Working Capital Cycle 172 yearss 93 yearss 105 yearssProfitablenessAAAGross Profit Margin 24.6 29.3 35.0 Operating Net income Margin 1.4 3.0 6.7 Net Net income Margin 0.2 1.8 3.5 Remarks: If we analyze the above result we will see that the on the job capital demand in 2010 was US $ 3853 and working capital rhythm was 172 yearss. But in 2011 the concern made immense development in working capital rhythm i.e. it reduced ARDOH for 23 yearss, INVDOH for 39 yearss and increased APDOH for 17 yearss and as such it reduced its on the job capital rhythm for 79 yearss and this development straight reduced its working capital demands i.e US $ 2658 in 2011. Again it fails to keep on the job capital rhythm that degree in 2012 and so its working capital demands besides increased up to US $ 3865.