How To Read Document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How To Read Document - Essay Example re of course only interested in their present, with presenting their opinions and viewpoints about contemporary events that they wish to either control, alter, or preserve. The people that took the time as well as the effort to write these documents wanted to have their views understood by their contemporaries, and these have in some cases survived to the present day. When reading a document it is best to examine the background of the author or authors that wrote it. The content, style, and meanings of documents can be heavily influenced by social, economic, political, military, and sometimes religious events that were happening at the time the documents were written. For instance documents written during stable and peaceful periods should be more moderate and well considered than other documents produced during periods of high drama or conflict. The reader will read documents with a higher degree of understanding by taking into account the beliefs, the attitudes, and the position of the author or authors of those documents. Attempting to fully grasp the beliefs and the motives of the writers will help the reader to place individual documents in the most apt context. Knowing why people decided to write something can allow us to understand how they wrote their documents in the ways that they are actually written. Such an understanding allows us to understand the bias or the subjectivity within each document. Bias is something that is very difficult to keep out of documents that were written in relation to social, economic, political, military, and religious issues or events. Having an awareness of bias can help to explain why some documents seem to be full of extreme or radical viewpoints not to mention concepts, which might be considered to be out of date in our contemporary period. It would be very difficult to consciously produce a document that does reflect the time and the place it was actually written in. Documents intended to record events as they

Corrections Trend Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Corrections Trend Evaluation Essay Corrections Trend Evaluation There have been several assorted and strenuous general directions in the midst of the justice system. These general directions contain several topics and debates over the past years. As a nation individuals then study and perceive that the judicial tribunal method is increasing with time and expanding a diverse outlook to examine a better way to keep going ahead. In fact, a study will explain incorporating the past, present, and future of the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. In addition, this document will speak of, and examine contemporary and impending concerns facing a place or state of confinement prison management today, and the functions, and concerns of alternate correction systems as an expanding trend. Past, Present, and Future These three general directions belong to the improved function of organizations and areas based on corrections (Muraskim Roberts, 2009). A consideration has built an unbroken extension and growth in places of confinement in the 20 – first century. As the cycles continued individuals transformed, and the justice system continued to go forward in the direction of method familiarization. Society at large and correction will continue to be updated (Muraskim Roberts, 2009). During the 1600s a transgression was revised to decrease transgressions through an improvement that contained help to violators, this contained fewer rough treatments to violators and less sympathetic arrangements (Muraskim Roberts, 2009). In the 1700s dispositions became different, however, places of confinement continued to change and capital punishment continued. In fact, at the end of the 1800s there were occurring dilemmas with the rules. In addition, this was the discipline the inmates received, the popu lation of the inmates, the upkeep of places of confinement, and the circumstances in which the inmates lived. Furthermore, by the 1970s the conventional trends of those periods of intervals became what is known today as the justice system (Muraskim Roberts, 2009). Development and Operations of Institutional Corrections In proceeding years the growth if establishments of institutional corrections left no visualization. The outlook of improvements and procedures of institutional corrections is one of several facts that the prisoners were lodged in situations gloomy and dirty. Prisoners were treated rough, and worked very severe. Although today in places of confinement the population of prisoners is still high the prisoners are receiving his or her justice (Community Corrections, 1998). A right of the prisoners is health care. In today’s places of confinement the systems are not run the same. Governing actions and rules dealing with details of procedures are executed effectively not only by the department but also by the law officials. Prisons today are still over populated but no longer gloomy and dirty (Community Corrections, 1998). In fact, prisoners get three meals per day, showers, recreation, use of the prison library, and some technology. In addition, the significance of health care for prisoners is to guarantee prisoners let go from places of confinement are not in a situation in which he or she cannot mask civilization to deadly illnesses. The places of confinement systems decisive objection is to keep the inmates protected from infliction, and to equip the day – to- day requirements that the system of law enforcement permits. In fact, the judicial tribunal needs to halt the inmates from receiving leisure’s, and concentrate on the concerns of why the violators are incarcerated (Community Corrections, 1998). Development and Operations of Community – Based Corrections Future improvements should be effective and used with changes to adapt to communities. Community – based programs began in the 1950s. In the 60s and 70s the programs came to be numerous goals for individuals responsible for making policies and the system of law enforcement tasks. In fact, community – based corrections are for individuals who are not brutal violators proposed by the judicial tribunal system. In addition, the community – bases corrections aid individuals through special areas of the criminal process (Community Corrections, 1998). Options for community – based programs are compelled to the individual but he or she remains in places of confinement. In fact, individuals awaiting appearances are in the custody of another individual until he or she goes to his or her hearing or judgment. In addition, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for example, ankle bracelets are used to inform law enforcement officials on the individual’s position. Furthermore, alternative measures are binding agreements the violator’s takes part in to reply his or her violation. Moreover, the felon may settle for advice, aiding in neighborhoods, giving professional duties to the individuals  injured or donate funds, and if the violator brought infliction or damage to an individual he or she may be required to pay back money to the individuals (Community Corrections, 1998). Current and Future Issues Some of the present topics comforting the judicial tribunal and the judicial tribunal managers are accumulations of false unperformed, postponements, and overcrowding. This generates greater dilemmas in the judicial tribunal method because it solemnly jeopardizes the character and bearings of the judicial tribunal. In fact, the judicial tribunal gets backed up on the case that in turn causes the judicial tribunal to play catch up. In addition, the judicial tribunal systems are not laid out to operate under pressure, and the judicial tribunals are not laid out to perform fast tasks on the cases the judicial tribunal have. Furthermore, when the judicial tribunal tried to play catch up on the numerous caseloads it has there is room for error for example; making mistakes (Court Issues, 2004). Another concern that might ascend is the judicial tribunal is behind on cases an agreement that permits a defendant to plead to a lesser charge is expanded. In fact, an agreement that permits defend ants to plead to a lesser charge provides an opportunity for the judicial tribunal to accept a lesser charge for the individuals. In addition, charge bargains are used when individuals accused with grave transgressions the wrongdoings receives an unusual title to create an agreement that permits a defendant to plead guilty to a lesser charge so the case can be resolved. Furthermore, both of these agreements put the protection of the community at risk (Court Issues, 2004). If the judicial tribunal system is pressured it can bring results for the members of the judicial tribunal system. These interferences can lead to law enforcement releasing the convicted individual, more pressure for law enforcement officials to obtain legal punishments for convicted violators, and more formal statements. In fact, there are several ways for the judicial tribunal to relieve the pressures of the judicial tribunal system for example, the use of applied science. The use of applied science aids law enforcement official to hurry the process for the judicial tribunal because the lower judicial tribunals have control over certain regi ons in the judicial tribunal systems for example, unauthorized substances, violence or physical harm to an individual, agreements or conflicts (Court Issues, 2004). In  addition, there are areas that aid in the many fields in the judicial tribunal for example, injury to the body of an individual, medical providers negligence, and work agreements. Agreements between individuals are not as costly, and easier to use than the use of lawsuits (Court Issues, 2004). Furthermore, individuals in places of confinement are under pressure from the penalties he or she has received from the judicial tribunal. Moreover, in places of confinement the prisoners are given the chance to reestablish his or her wrongdoing when he or she if released on parole (Muraskim Roberts, 2009). With several prisoners in places of confinements troubles are likely to occur for example, the deaths of other individuals. This in turn directs additional injury or abuse to prisoners in the set of agencies established by the government. In fact, prisoners are stripped of his or her essential programs and these circumstances affects places of confinement management because he or she has the obligation to make sure that the requirements, manager’s safety, and the day – to – day procedures are taken care of. In addition, officials in places of confinement are obligated for the employees, and the rehabilitation curriculum in places of confinement (Community Corrections, 1998). Places of confinement are putting more tensions on a set of agencies and processes established by the government to control crime. These circumstances affect and expand the expenses of additional places of confinement, and additional inmates. Prisoners who have moderate punishments and prolonged intervals build additional problems in places of confinement. In fact, additional issues include how the general population views the beliefs those inmates receiving help is not enough, and the resolution for prisoners to prevent additional violations (Muraskim Roberts, 2009). Roles and Issues of alternate Correctional Systems There are tremendous dilemmas when bargaining with correctional systems. Individuals locked up in today’s places of confinement are not working as it should be. The government of politics economic system of corrections and the community at some point can devise the remedy. Crime will continue to go up and violators let go can reestablish hazards to community security (Inayatullah, 2002). In conclusion, the significance of the past, present, and future trends of community – based corrections are to comprehend and raise awareness in the United States. The individuals of a city or town need to have freedom in his or her neighborhood and not felt threatened by inmates released early form places of confinement. In fact, the past, present, and future are sets of agencies established by the government. In addition, community – based corrections need to blend more procedures and discover substance plans of procedures. Furthermore, the set of agencies and processes established by the government to control crime began in the 1950s. Moreover, in the 1700s dispositions became different, and by the 1800s there were occurring dilemmas with the rules. References Communtiy Corrections. (1998). John Howard Society of Alberta, (), . Retrieved from http://johnhoward_ab-ca/pub/c29.ht Court Issues. (2004). , (), . Retrieved from http://facutly.ncwc.edu/mstevens.111/111ec09.htm Inayatullah, S. (2002, May). Working report for comment and scenario development Scanning for correctional futures a report for the department of justice Victoria office of the correctional services commisioner, (), . Retrieved from http://www.metafurture.org Muraskim, R., Roberts, A.R. (2009). Visions of change; Crime and justice in the twenty first century (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, (), .

Religions Influence On Society And Homosexuality Sociology Essay

Religions Influence On Society And Homosexuality Sociology Essay This research paper will look at how religious, mainly Christian, practitioners and studiers of science or psychology have influenced societys view of homosexuality. The Gay Rights Movement has been and is the longest fight for rights in history due to the fervent and persistent opposition put up by fundamentalist Christian leaders and scientists trying to prove homosexuality is a disability, which combined lead to society in general to ostracizing anyone of a different sexual orientation than heterosexual. The pressure that stems from religion is the long-standing belief that homosexuality is a sin. The bible, which to this day remains the best-selling book in the world, quite clearly condemns homosexuality in Leviticus 18:22. The majority of Christian followers interpret this verse literally, condemning anyone of non-heterosexual orientation. A large portion of todays society is overwhelmingly homophobic, and a lot of this has to do with Christianity being the largest religion in t he world, and it has been around for nearly 2000 years. Religion has always offered a why in life, meaning an explanation for why people exist, and science became a rational alternate option. Religion is based entirely on worshipping a deity or higher being that was responsible for the creation of humankind and life in general, whereas science is based on the physical evidence that is interpreted into the scientific version of creation and becoming how humanity is today (evolution). Religion and science, as a general rule, refute each other and constantly campaign to prove the other wrong. Despite this, however, for a very long time they agreed on one thing: homosexuality is bad. Science, for a while professed that homosexuality was one of two things: one it didnt really exist and was a life choice that people made themselves, or two that it was a treatable disorder. Eventually the science community reneged this opinion, after maintaining it for years. Today, groups like the America n Psychiatric Association (APA), who are considered the world experts on the human brain, now have officially declared that homosexuality is not a disorder, syndrome, or any form of mental disease, and cannot be changed by the individual. They also strongly oppose things like anti-gay ministries, where religious organizations will try to fix or save gays. Science became an alternate belief system to religion in the early 1600s. The Catholic church often ostracized members of the church for being scientists, and anyone who believed in something that wasnt Creationism. Christianity became all about tradition and science became all about discovery and changing. The two began a continuous struggle for society to follow one and not the other, and to force society to conform. The vast majority of the human race follows one or the other or both: science and/or religion. Christianity generally condemns homosexuality, and almost always has. This total damnation eventually lead to largely Christian values becoming an intrinsic norm in society as a whole, as demonstrated by the attitude of the public. Christianity remains the root of this hatred, as perpetrated by religious denominations in the world, and by the largely Christian dominated governments in many industrialized countries. The Holy Roman Catholic church was the first established Christian church, and since several hundred denominations have split off from it and each other, producing many different takes on the bible and religious morals. Nearly every culture in the world has or has had religion and now Christianity is the most dominant religion in the world with 1.9 to 2.1 billion believers (all denominations of Christianity). Christianity started with turn of the millennium roughly 2011 years ago. The writing of the New Testament in the bible happened shortly after Jesus was crucified, whi ch religious historians estimate was around 40 AD. Thus Christianity was born. The Old Testament, which Judaism also follows, was written a long time before Jesus came. This is where the book of Leviticus is. 22 Do not have sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman; that is detestable (Leviticus 18:22) is the bible verse that is used to justify religious homophobia (notice that it has nothing about gay women). Many millions of Christians depend on one man to tell them what the bible means and what they should do to follow it and this man is the Pope. He is the leader of the Holy Roman Catholic church. The current one is Pope Benedict XVI. It is a tendency toward an intrinsic moral evil, and thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a person engaging in homosexual behavior therefore acts immorally (Benedict XVI) is Pope Benedicts official stance on homosexuality. He does call for more compassion, but maintains that homosexuality is a s in and thinks that sex should occur only between a married man and woman. Many Christian leaders agree with him and have more to add, like Reverend Albert Mohler Jr. There is no conclusive research that indicates any biological basis for sexual orientation. But and this is a big if here if science were ever to discover a correlation or causation with biological factors, Christians should not be surprised. We believe in the catastrophic and comprehensive effects of the Fall and Gods judgment upon sinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦such a discovery, if it were to be accepted, would not change Gods condemnation of all forms of homosexual behavior, nor would it mean that this represents the inviolable identity of any individual. As I argued previously, moral responsibility does not require absolute moral choice. A soldier in battle may not have chosen to be in a situation of moral anguish, but he is still absolutely responsible for his decisions and actions. Those who commit homosexual acts, whoever they are and whatever their biological profile, are absolutely responsible for their sin. Regardless of any actual or hypothetical orientation, those who commit same-se x acts are responsible for the choice to commit the sinful act. Those who claim that they did not choose their sexual attraction are nevertheless fully responsible for choosing to perform sexual acts the Bible condemns as sin period. (Mohler 2007). This is the opinion R. Albert Mohler Jr. provides for his public in the online newspaper he writes for frequently. He says that homosexuals cant change from being homosexual, but it is acting on it that is a sin. This is a used justification for the persecution of homosexuals. However, some differ from this belief that homosexuality is something that cant be changed just the actions. Many churches believe that therapy can cure homosexuality. This therapy ranges from gay-bashing seminars to shock treatment to gang-rape. There are facilities that use things like seminars on how to become heterosexual, or even shock treatment. These methods are supposed to cure an individual of homosexuality by showing them that being heterosexual is advantageous because it is holy and will get one to heaven. These seminars also tell all the disadvantages of being gay, using the inability to have children between same-sex couples and the bible as justification to become heterosexual. Some people who hav e exited these programs say that they work, and now claim that they are heterosexual. Although the vast majority of religion resoundingly condemns homosexuality, there are some Christians that dont. For example, a book called Homosexuality and the Christian Faith, which was written by several ministers and church-associated people, says that Efforts to change ones sexual orientation usually (some say always) fail. People who have experimented with homosexual behavior (as many heterosexual people do) can turn away from it. And homosexuals, like heterosexuals, can become celibate. But a recent review of research on efforts to help people change their sexual orientation concludes that there is no evidence indicating that such treatments are effective. Christian ex-gay organizations have had a go at this. But now are most are now either defunct or abandoned by their ex-gay founders. Reading their literature, one is struck by the admitted homosexual temptations many ex-gays struggle with (Wink 68). This is the opinion of David G Myers who is a social psychologist and contributed to this book on Accepting What Cannot Be Changed, in Chapter 7. Decidedly, not all Christians are homophobic, in fact there are many who arent and completely reject the policies put out by ministries like the Holy Roman Catholic Church. Denominations like the United Church of Christ (UCC) have earned nicknames like the gay ministry because they were revolutionary in their thinking. The UCC was the first Christian denomination to ordain and hire an out gay minister, as well as the first woman minister and the first black minster. All together, Christianity largely doesnt accept homosexuality and wields a significant influence over society as they have 2.1 billion members. Science is the careful study of physical evidence to find reasoning for life and its many components. It is the way many people rationalize the existence of consciousness and being. Science is anything from the study of insects to the study of the human brain. The human brain has been a source of fascination for hundreds of years. Psychology is not an exact study, which makes it hard to pinpoint. However, people have been trying for years. Famous psychologists like Sigmund Freud had many theories on mental disorders, and homosexuality was counted among these for many years. Starting around 1867, a scientist named Karl Heinrich Ulrichs began publishing his findings on homosexuality and the human brain. He was the first pioneer in the field of homosexuality scientifically. He theorized that gays and lesbians were created during the incubation period, that the external gender was one and the internal gender was the opposite (internal woman, external man or vice versa). He also coined hi s own terms fro gays. An urning was a gay man, an urningin was a lesbian, a dioning was a straight person and a urano-dioning was a bisexual person. Urning meant follower or descencent of Uranus, urningin meant heavenly Aphrodite daughter of Uranus, dioning meant common Aphrodite daughter of Zeus by mortal Dione, and urano-dioning was a combination (Uranus or Ouranus was the Greek god of the sky, who married the earth god, Gaia, and their children were the Titans, who emasculated Uranus for Gaia, and then were imprisoned themselves by their children who were the Greek gods Zeus, Posiedon and Hades). Ulrichs claimed that urnings and urningins were the third sex. He also believed that there was a scale of being gay. Homosexuals were a wiebling or a mannling. Wieblings were the female-type, or receptive, meaning the played the role of a woman during sex, and were also feminine in every other manner. Mannlings were the male-type or insertive, meaning the played the role of a man during sex, and were masculine in every other way. Ulrichs was the very first to ever research homosexuality, and using his studies he advocated for gay rights for his entire career. Magnus Hirschfeld was the second real pioneer in this field of study. His theories were more widely disputed, mostly to the inconsistencies of his theories and his tendency to disagree with himself later on. He was the first scientist in this field to advocate against gay marriage. He theorized that homosexuality was invented by Nature to prevent from producing degenerate offspring. He claimed that homosexual individuals would produce disabled or handicapped children and were also produced by degenerate families, but later refuted this theory when he considered that he himself was gay and could find no fault with his family to use as justification. He did, however, believe that homosexuality was largely dependent on environment. Hirschfeld interpreted masculinity and femininity as abstractions and speculated t hat sexual orientation was intrinsic with male and female characteristics, of the mental and physical levels. Thus people who were more androgynous in appearance and mental make-up were more likely to be gay. He even went as far as speculating about potential spermatozoa in vaginal secretions on women and menstrual blood in the urine of men. The next scientist in this field was named Steinach and was the first to perform any physical surgery to try and cure homosexuality. He performed testicle transplants between heterosexual and homosexual males. He took the testicles of a heterosexual man and placed them in a gay man. This failed to cure the gay men of their homosexuality and actually caused many health problems, like hair loss and the loss of the ability to have an erection. Then came Sigmund Freud. Freud theorized on various matters of psychoanalysis, and did many studies on homosexual men (there werent many studies on lesbians ever). He dealt mainy with the sexual drive area of the brain, called the Libido. He maintained one solid reasoning for men being gay: In their earliest childhood, later forgotten, they had an intense erotic attachment to a female person, as a rule their mother, provoked and fostered by the excessive tenderness of the mother herself, further buttressed by recessiveness of the father in the childs life at a later stage the boy represses his love for his mother by putting himself in her place, identifies himself with her, and takes his own person as a model in whose likeness he chooses his new love objects' (LeVay 33). In short, Freud believed that a smothering mother and a recessive father made a gay man. A follower of Freud named Ovesey took these theories further According to Ovesey, a gay man is often fearful of female genitalia because they remind him of the danger castration. Therefore he represses his attraction to women and the Libido associated with that attraction finds another channel for expression namely in attraction to men. Thus, for many homosexual men homosexuality is not their authentic orientation but merely a displaced route for sexual release (LeVay 75) The only theories he offered on lesbians were that he thought they were upset with only having a clitoris and this made them jealous of the male genitalia. He thought that this shouldnt be used as justification to take rights however Psychoanalytic research, wrote Sigmund Freud in 1915, is most decidedly opposed to any attempt at separating off homosexuals from the rest of mankind as a group of special character' (LeVay 67). Many psychology associations included homosexuality in their list of disorders due to Freud. Later in 1957, The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality for its book of disorders, declaring that homosexuality was not a curable problem in the brain. Further scientific research was in the 1900s with genetic research. Many believed for a long time that their might be a gay gene but this theory has been disproved. Most of the major science journals reported on progress in the field of genetics, but also speculated on how the information would now be used. The one piece of information that ever materialized in form the Human Genome Project was the identification of the so called gay-gene' (Harrub and Thompson 1). This was the result of the Human Genome Project, which many people hoped would come with a scientific justification for homosexuality. When it didnt, many still insisted that there was a genetic reason. Science has always existed but people didnt start really studying it until after Christianity was firmly established. There were even some original Christian scientists like Galileo Galeli, who discovered that the solar system is heliocentric instead of geocentric and was ostracized from the Catholic Church because of it. Science is based off of logic and physical evidence, whereas religion is based on faith. Science, because of this, has even influenced religion, because some Christians accept both. Many Christians also believe that homosexuality is a disorder, even though the APA declared it isnt. This is the reasoning behind many ex-gay ministries, even though psychologists overwhelmingly agree that they are extremely harmful to the individual and are not a psychological institutio n by any means. Science, therefore, wields an incredible influence over society due to some religious acceptance and those who dont have a religion who are largely accepting of scientific fact. Society is a complex place. It is so layered with culture and ways of life that it is hard to analyze and make generalizations about. Luckily there are many consistencies and commonalities in cultures. Homosexuality has been around for centuries, around 26 centuries in fact. There is even evidence pre-dating 600 BC, but its accuracy is questionable, so everything after is what is included below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 600 BC- Island of Lesbos was later the inspiration for the word lesbian à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 27 BC- first recorded same-sex marriages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 244-249 AD- Emperor Phillip the Arab tries to outlaw homosexual prostitution and fails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 342- First law against same-sex marriage, promulgated by Christian Emperors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 390- Homosexuality declared illegal by Christian emperors, and the punishment would be publicly burned alive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 484- Christian emperors still collect taxes on male prostitutes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 529- Homosexuals made scapegoat by Christian emperors for things like flooding and storms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1102- Council of London ensures English public knows homosexuality is sinful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1260- France places genital mutilation as punishment for homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1321- Dantes Inferno places sodomites in the 7th circle of hell à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1476- Leonardo Da Vinci charged with sodomy, no verdict à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1532- Holy Roman Empire makes sodomy death sentence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1533- King Henry VIII makes male sex death sentence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1553- Mary Tudor removes King Henry VIIIs laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1558- Elizabeth I reinstates Henry VIIIs laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1620- Prussia makes sodomy punishable by death à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1649- 1st known conviction for lesbianism (USA) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1721- Execution for female sodomy in Germany à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1791- France decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1794- Prussia abolishes death penalty for sodomy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1811- Netherlands and Indonesia decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1828- crime against nature is first used in the criminal code in the US à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1830- Brazil decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1832- Russia criminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1835- Russia forces Poland to criminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1836- last Great Britain execution for homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1852- Portugal decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1858- Ottoman Empire (Turkey) decriminalizes sodomy; Timor-Leste legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1865- San Marino decriminalizes sodomy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1867- Karl Heinrich Ulrichs speaks for homosexual rights in Munich à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1871- German Empire criminalizes homosexuality; Guatemala and Mexico decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1880- Empire of Japan decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1886- England decriminalizes homosexuality in men, but not women; Argentina and Portugal decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1889- Italy decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1895- Earl Lind starts first political party with gay rights in the policy agenda à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1903- New York has 1st raid on gay bathhouse, 12 went to trial on sodomy charges à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1910- Emma Goldman fights for homosexual rights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1913- faggot is used in literature for the first time in France à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1917- Russia repeals previous ruling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1920- gay is used for the first time referencing homosexuals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1921- England tries to make lesbianism illegal and fails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1924- 1st gay rights organization in the USA; Panama, Paraguay and Peru legalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1933- Denmark decriminalizes homosexuality; National Socialist German Workers Party bans homosexuals; homosexuals are sent to Nazi concentration camps à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1934- Uruguay decriminalizes homosexuality; USSR criminalizes gay men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1937- Pink Triangle is means gay men for Nazi party à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1940- Iceland decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1942- Switzerland decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1944- Sweden decriminalizes homosexuality; Suriname legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1945- Allies liberate concentration camps, but homosexuals have to serve full term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1950- 190 US government employees dismissed for being gay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1952- Christine Jorgenson is the 1st transgender (Male to Female, MTF) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1954- Alan Turning commits suicide after being given a choice between prison or hormone treatment for being gay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1956- Thailand decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1957- American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from its disorders handbook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1958- US Supreme Court has a 1st case involving gay rights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1961- Czechoslovakia and Hungary decriminalize sodomy; Vatican declares gays banned from the Catholic church; Illinois 1st US state to decriminalize sodomy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1963- Israel (De Facto) decriminalize sodomy between men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1965- 1st gay rights demonstration in Canada à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1967- Chad decriminalizes homosexuality; England and Wales decriminalize homosexuality between men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1968- East Germany decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1969- Canada decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1971- Austria, Costa Rica, Finland, Colorado, Oregon, and Idaho repeal sodomy laws; Idaho reinstates because of religious outrage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1972- Sweden allows legal sex changes; Hawaii legalizes homosexuality; East Lansing (MI), Ann Arbor (MC), and Sam Francisco (CA) are the first cities to pass homosexual rights ordinance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1973- Malta legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1974- Kathy Kozachenko is the 1st openly gay American elected to public office à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1975- California legalizes homosexuality; South Australia 1st state in Australia to legalize homosexuality; Panama allows legal sex change à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1976- Christian Voice is founded, first anti-gay group à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1977- Harvey Milk is the third out elected offcial; Quebec prohibits discrmination based on sexual orientation; Croatia, Montenegro and Slovenia decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1978- Harvey Milk is assassinated; rainbow flag is first used as gay pride symbol; IGLA forms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1979- Spain and Cuba decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1980- Scotland decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1981- Northern Ireland, Victoria (Aus), and Colombia decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1982- California has 1st gay mayor; AIDS acquires many homophobic nicknames à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1983- Portugal re-legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1985- France prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1986- Haiti decriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1987- Homomonument founded in Amsterdam (memorial to persecuted homosexuals) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1988- Belize and Israel (De Jure) decriminalize sodomy and sex between men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1989- Western Australia decriminalizes homosexuality between men; Liechtenstein legalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1990- UK Crown Dependency of Jersey and Queensland decriminalize homosexuality; Justin Fashanu is the 1st out football player à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1991- Bahamas, Hong Kong and Ukraine decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1992- Estonia and Latvia decriminalize homosexuality; World Health Organization declares homosexuality is not an illness; Australia lets gays in the military; Nicaragua recriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1993- Norfolk Island (Aus) repeals sodomy laws; Belarus, UK Crown Dependency of Gilbraltar, Iceland, Lithuania and Russia decriminalize homosexuality; USA instates Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy; New Zealand lets gays in the military à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1994- Bermuda, Germany, UK Crown Dependency Isle of Man, Serbia and South Africa decriminalize homosexuality; Canada grants sanctuary to gays fearing persecution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1995- Canada passes anti-discrimination law based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1996- Romania and Macedonia decriminalize homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1997- Ecuador and Tasmania decriminalize homosexuality; Fiji and South Africa pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1998- Bosnia, Herzegovina, Chile, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Southern Cyprus and Tajikistan decriminalize homosexuality; Matthew Shepard is brutally murdered; Ecuador, Ireland and Alberta pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2000- Azerbaijan, Gabon and Georgia decriminalize homosexuality; UK lets gays in the military; Nazis officially apologize to gays and lesbians for harm and persecution up to 1969 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2001- UK Territories decriminalize homosexuality; Rhode Island and Maryland pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation; Netherlands allows same-sex marriage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2002- China and Mongolia decriminalize homosexuality; Romania, Costa Rica and Arkansas repeal sodomy laws; Alaska and New York pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2003- Iraq decriminalizes homosexuality; Belgium, Ontario and British Colombia allow same-sex marriage; Bulgaria, UK, Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, New Mexico, and Pennslyvania pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation; Armenia and USA repeal sodomy laws; Belize recriminalizes homosexuality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2004- Cape Verde, Marshall Islands decriminalize homosexuality; Manitoba, Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon and Massachusetts allow gay marriage; Australia , Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Virginia and Wisconsin ban same-sex marriage; Portugal, Indiana, Louisiana and Maine pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2005- Canada and Spain allow same-sex marriage; Latvia, Uganda, Kansas and Texas ban same-sex marriage; Illinois passes anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation, Puerto Rico repeals sodomy laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2006- South Africa allows same-sex marriage; Tennessee, Alabama, Colorado, Idaho, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia and Wisconsin ban same-sex marriage; Faroe Islands, Germany, New Zealand, Illinois, New Jersey, Washington, DC pass anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation, Kentucky voids anti-discrimination laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2007- Nepal and New Zealand territories decriminalize homosexuality; UK Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Oregon, and Vermont pass anti discrimination legislation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2008- Nicaragua and Panama decriminalize homosexuality; Connecticut allows gay marriage; Arizona, California and Florida ban same-sex marriage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2009- India decriminalizes homosexuality; Argentina, Phillipines and Uruguay end ban on gays in the military; Serbia, Delaware, and the USA Matthew Shepard Act, pass anti-discrimination legislation; Iceland has the first gay head of government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2010- Fiji decriminalizes homosexuality; Australia lets transgendered people in the military; Serbia lets gays in the military; Australia recognizes non-gender specific people; USA repeals Dont Ask, Dont Tell; Portugal, Iceland, Agentina, Mexico City, new Hampshire and DC pass same-sex marriage As shown, religious persecution dates all the way back to the very beginning of the millennium. This shows that religion is the longest-standing resistance to acceptance of all peoples. Christianity has been trying to outlaw and even execute homosexuals for hundreds of years. Bans on gay marriage, the criminalizing of sodomy or homosexuality, or any other anti-gay legislation is almost guaranteed to be religiously based. In conclusion, the gay rights movement is the longest rights struggle in history. It has not really had any specific leaders, but rather a mish-mash of like-minded people. This has lead to there being much progress, but in many ways there has been recession as well. In the late BC, homosexuality was very much a norm in extremely developed societies like the Greek or Roman Empires. With the rise of Christianity however, this norm became an abnormality, and religion very slowly took over and outlawed homosexuality, putting severe penalties on it, such as death. This continued all over the world for many centuries. Science, in its beginning, did not really make anything better, but instead provided another rational for homosexuality being bad by calling it a disorder.

The Ethics of Conjoined Twin Separation Essay -- Moral Science Biology

The Ethics of Conjoined Twin Separation Conjoined twins are a rare phenomenon. In the even that a set should appear where one twin is dependant upon the other, I believe that they should be separated, at minimum, to save the life of one. At the same time, I believe that every set of conjoined twins is its own special case. In this study, I will present the background information on conjoined twinning, give a few case studies, and give the pros and cons of conjoined twin separation. I will end with my own views on the subject. How do these mutations arise? A.A. Zimmerman hypothesizes that, â€Å"[Conjoined twins arise from] an error in blastogenesis due to incomplete fission of a single zygote, resulting in the development of two centers of axial growth instead of one† (Juretschke, 9). Within the first two weeks of embryo development, there is an error in the embryonic development of the blastocyst, composed of about 100 cells. The single, fertilized egg fails to separate properly, as it would to form identical twins (a fertilized egg divides completely during the initial stages of cell differentiation). This failure of division results in two identical, same sex twins, conjoined in some manner. No one is clear on why the cell fails to divide completely. Statistically, the chances of failed egg division resulting in conjoined twins is about one in 250,000, as compared to the one in 200 chance of giving birth to identical twins. Of those conjoined, 40-60% are stillborn, and 35% of those twins that survive birth die within the first 24 hours. Of those one in 250,000 births, there is a 5-25% chance of existing in the world for more than a day. Interestingly, about 70% of those who beat the odds were female, and t... .... 62, pp. 525 – 529. Veenker, Jody. "One Conjoined Twin Dies After Surgical Separation." Christianity Today. http://www.chrisianitytoday.com/ct/2000/145/430.html updated Nov. 6, 2000. http://www.ama-assn.org/sci-pubs/amnews/pick_01/prca0305.htm http://www7.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe.UK/11/03/twins.court/index.html. updated: Nov.3, 2000. http://www7.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/10/31/conjoined .twins/index.html. updated: Oct.31, 2000. http://www7.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/UK/11/06/twins.conjoined/. updated: Nov. 7, 2000. http://europe.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/australasia/10/25/health.australia.simese.reut/index. updated: Oct.26, 2000. http://straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/mnt/html/webspecial/siamese/siamese.html http://talk.guardian.co.uk/WebX?13@@.ee7a95d. updated: Nov. 18, 2000. http://www.twinstuff.com http://.zygote.swarthmore.edu/cleave4.html

Leadership of Stalin and Hitler Essay

Stalin and Hitler were influential leaders in history. Although Stalin and Hitler grew to have immense leadership powers, can these individuals be considered great leaders? Based on the grave crimes against humanity both leaders committed under power; Stalin and Hitler should not be considered great leaders, but rather leaders that were excellent at widely influencing and leading masses of people. Hitler led with authoritarian and charismatic leadership styles. Hitler used charisma to attract the masses to the ‘Fuhrer party’ for many diverse reasons; including ethnic, economic, religious and scientific reasons. Unfortunately, the type of charismatic leadership Hitler exhibited would be better characterized as hero worship. â€Å"Under clouds of uncertainty, many people look to heroes who can bring comfort and assurance, and who can inspire and explain the future (Raelin 2003). † Although Hitler’s main goal was genocide, many of his followers were unaware of his long-term intentions. As Hitler’s charisma drew in more followers, he was able to dominate lower levels of leaders â€Å". . . who were influenced by the great charisma of the ‘great’ leader . . . (Eatwell 2006). † As Hitler’s power grew, he began to use authoritarian leadership to force the genocide policies he desired on his followers. With grave threats of death and injury, Hitler was able to influence large numbers of followers to carry out the holocaust and many other crimes against the Jewish people. Stalin led by dictatorship. Stalin inspired incredible loyalty and devotion among subordinates simply by â€Å". . . terrifying everyone around him and creating an aura of infallibility, invincible power, and wisdom (Naimark 2006). † Subordinates respected Stalin out of fear for their lives and lack of knowledge of any other choices available. In all, Stalin and Hitler were not great leaders that inspired good. Stalin and Hitler were evil leaders that used influence and leadership to commit grave crimes against humanity for their own personal gain.

Egypt and Bank Misr essays

Egypt and Bank Misr essays Industrialization in Egypt is not a new phenomenon in fact; its been practiced over and over again through out its remarkable seven thousand years of history. Industrialization is the primary means of achieving economic development. In simpler terms it is only another step forward that civilizations go through once aware of the natural external forces surrounding them. In order to survive they must develop and this is only achieved through self actualization. Of course development has been practiced differently through out the centuries. For example, the Ancient Egyptians came to realize this concept and took effective measures to insure its prosperity. The Ancients realized that in order to grow and be strong they must feed the population. But to do so, they must protect it. So an army was needed to protect its development in agriculture. Egypts agriculture gave the means to founding the earliest stages of industrialization. From the wheat they made bread, in fact Egypt was considered to be the wheat basket of the world. From the cotton they produced textiles, which was the earliest form of industrialization in Egypts history. Another attempt at industrialization was done by Mohamed Ali. Conscious of his surroundings, he knew that the best way for Egypt to grow is through industrialization. The same concept of the ancients was applied too. He realized that growth can only be achieved through the control of agriculture. How ever Mahamed Ali had a different advantage from that of the ancients. Technology has improved over the centuries since the time of the ancients. So Mahamed Ali applied new technological methods in agriculture which enabled him to produce more. With enough food he was able to grow a strong army, and with the surplus he was able to trade thus establishing Egypts presences on the global market. Not only did he trade but he built infant textile industries to compete with the Bri...

British And Control Of New World Essays - British East India Company

British And Control Of New World Essays - British East India Company British And Control Of New World Control The British new there was riches to be had in the new world. They werent happy with everyone getting a piece of the action. They wanted it all for themselves. In order to ensure that no one else was getting rich they put many rules and regulations on how things were to be done in the colonies. The British wanted to be in control of all trade that was going on though out the world. They started with the Navigation Acts saying at first the ships and crewmembers needed to be either English or Colonial. They later changed that to make it only the English. They set rules such as the Manufacturing Acts on wool and Hats they could not manufacture finish goods. All raw materials had to be shipped to England, and then back to the colonies in finished goods. In 1776 the British imposed the Currency Act, colonies were no longer allowed to have paper money. All because British merchants didnt like the idea. As if that wasnt enough the British were adding one tax after another. The Sugar Act was designed to make sure the sugar went only to England. Ships needed to carry prove of where the sugar came from. The Stamp Act really pissed the colonist off. It was the first internal tax directed right at the colonist. This tax meant that any documents of importance such as newspapers, playing cards, and legal documents needed to have a stamp on them, of course this cost the colonist money. The colonist where very angry, the believed they had helped the British in the French and Indian war, and this was unfair. They revolted in many ways, one being people where tar and feathered. The Townshend Duties Act was another way of getting more for their money out of the colonist. Because they didnt want to pay internal tax, England figured they could get them on external tax on things such as tea, paper, paint, lead, and glass. The colonist decided it was time to stop buying from Great Britain, and only buy goods made in the colonies. The Tea Act of 1773 was another way to get money out of the colonist. They took the duties off the British ships transporting tea in order to get equal with the price of the Dutch. Thinking the colonist would buy the tea and pay the Tounshend Duties. The colonist disgusted with the way the British where handling things, dressed as Indians and dumped 342 chest of tea in the harbor. The British where getting scared and new they needed troops to control the colonist. They put together acts in order to keep them under control. The Intolerable Acts such as the Boston Port Act was a way of getting back at the colonist. England shut down the Boston port from all incoming and outgoing ships. The colonies stuck together and sent goods to the people of Boston. Massachusetts Act restricted the number of meetings that could be held without the governors approval. The Quartering Act said that troops could be anywhere, ever in the homes of colonist. As if they didnt think they had enough control over the colonist, they imposed the Declaratory Act. This acts meant parliament could establish any set of rules on the colonies. The colonist could only put up with so much crap from Britain. They had to fight back, and they did. Because of the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and the Townshend Duties, came Non-Importation a ploy to put stress on Britains economy. In 1772 the Committee of Correspondence was formed, this enabled the colonies to communicate up and down the coast. In 1774 the first continental congress was created fifty-six delegates from twelve colonies all but Georgia. I believe the colonist had every right to feel and act the way they did. Things may have been different if they would not have been so greedy. I personally am glad things happened the way they did. I love my free country.